Display apparatus including photoluminescent layer

ABSTRACT

A display apparatus includes an excitation light source that outputs excitation light; a light-emitting device including a photoluminescent layer that receives the excitation light and emits light including first light having a wavelength λ a  in air, and a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer; and an optical shutter on an optical path of the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer. A surface structure is defined on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, and the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and limits a directional angle of the first light having the wavelength λ a  in air.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to display apparatuses and light-emitting apparatuses and particularly to display apparatuses and light-emitting apparatuses each including a light-emitting device having a photoluminescent layer.

2. Description of the Related Art

Optical devices, such as lighting fixtures, displays, and projectors, that output light in the necessary direction are required for many applications. Photoluminescent materials, such as those used for fluorescent lamps and white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), emit light in all directions. Thus, those materials are used in combination with optical elements such as reflectors and lenses to output light only in a particular direction. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2010-231941 discloses an illumination system including a light distributor and an auxiliary reflector to provide sufficient directionality.

SUMMARY

In one general aspect, the techniques disclosed here feature a display apparatus that includes: an excitation light source that outputs excitation light; a light-emitting device including a photoluminescent layer that receives the excitation light and emits light including first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air, and a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer; and an optical shutter on an optical path of the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer. A surface structure is defined on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer. The surface structure has projections or recesses or both and limits a directional angle of the first light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.

General or specific embodiments may be implemented as a device, an apparatus, a system, a method, or any selective combination thereof.

Additional benefits and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will become apparent from the specification and drawings. The benefits and/or advantages may be individually obtained by the various embodiments and features of the specification and drawings; which need not all be provided in order to obtain one or more of such benefits and/or advantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a perspective view showing the structure of a light-emitting device according to an embodiment;

FIG. 1B is a partial sectional view of the light-emitting device shown in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C is a perspective view showing the structure of a light-emitting device according to another embodiment;

FIG. 1D is a partial sectional view of the light-emitting device shown in FIG. 1C;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of calculations of the enhancement of light output in the front direction with varying emission wavelengths and varying heights of a periodic structure;

FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the conditions for m=1 and m=3 in inequality (10);

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of calculations of the enhancement of light output in the front direction with varying emission wavelengths and varying thicknesses t of a photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 5A is a graph showing the results of calculations of the electric field distribution of a mode to guide light in the x direction for a thickness t of 238 nm;

FIG. 5B is a graph showing the results of calculations of the electric field distribution of a mode to guide light in the x direction for a thickness t of 539 nm;

FIG. 5C is a graph showing the results of calculations of the electric field distribution of a mode to guide light in the x direction for a thickness t of 300 nm;

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of calculations of the enhancement of light performed under the same conditions as in FIG. 2 except that the polarization of the light was assumed to be the TE mode, which has an electric field component perpendicular to the y direction;

FIG. 7A is a plan view of an example two-dimensional periodic structure;

FIG. 7B is a graph showing the results of calculations performed as in FIG. 2 for the two-dimensional periodic structure;

FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of calculations of the enhancement of light output in the front direction with varying emission wavelengths and varying refractive indices of the periodic structure;

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the results obtained under the same conditions as in FIG. 8 except that the photoluminescent layer was assumed to have a thickness of 1,000 nm;

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the results of calculations of the enhancement of light output in the front direction with varying emission wavelengths and varying heights of the periodic structure;

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the results of calculations performed under the same conditions as in FIG. 10 except that the periodic structure was assumed to have a refractive index n_(p) of 2.0;

FIG. 12 is a graph showing the results of calculations performed under the same conditions as in FIG. 9 except that the polarization of the light was assumed to be the TE mode; which has an electric field component perpendicular to the y direction;

FIG. 13 is a graph showing the results of calculations performed under the same conditions as in FIG. 9 except that the photoluminescent layer was assumed to have a refractive index n_(wav) of 1.5;

FIG. 14 is a graph showing the results of calculations performed under the same conditions as in FIG. 2 except that the photoluminescent layer and the periodic structure were assumed to be located on a transparent substrate having a refractive index of 1.5;

FIG. 15 is a graph illustrating the conditions represented by inequality (15);

FIG. 16 is a schematic view of an example light-emitting apparatus including the light-emitting device shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B and a light source that directs excitation light into the photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 17A is a schematic view of a one-dimensional periodic structure having a period p_(x) in the x direction;

FIG. 17B is a schematic view of a two-dimensional periodic structure having a period p_(x) in the x direction and a period p_(v) in the y direction;

FIG. 17C is a graph showing the wavelength dependence of light absorptivity in the structure illustrated in FIG. 17A;

FIG. 17D is a graph showing the wavelength dependence of light absorptivity in the structure illustrated in FIG. 17B;

FIG. 18A is a schematic view of an example two-dimensional periodic structure;

FIG. 18B is a schematic view of another example two-dimensional periodic structure;

FIG. 19A is a schematic view of a modification in which the periodic structure is formed on the transparent substrate;

FIG. 19B is a schematic view of another modification in which the periodic structure is formed on the transparent substrate;

FIG. 19C is a graph showing the results of calculations of the enhancement of light output from the structure in FIG. 19A in the front direction with varying emission wavelengths and varying periods of the periodic structure;

FIG. 20 is a schematic view of a mixture of light-emitting devices in powder form;

FIG. 21 is a plan view of an example two-dimensional array of periodic structures having different periods on the photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 22 is a schematic view of an example light-emitting device having a layered structure including photoluminescent layers having a texture formed thereon;

FIG. 23 is a sectional view of an example structure including a protective layer between the photoluminescent layer and the periodic structure;

FIG. 24 is a sectional view of an example where the periodic structure is formed by partially processing the photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a photoluminescent layer formed on a glass substrate having a periodic structure;

FIG. 26 is a graph showing the results of measurements of the spectrum of light output from a sample light-emitting device in the front direction;

FIG. 27A is a schematic view of a light-emitting device that can emit linearly polarized light of the TM mode; rotated about an axis parallel to the line direction of the one-dimensional periodic structure;

FIG. 27B is a graph showing the results of measurements of the angular dependence of light output from the sample light-emitting device rotated as illustrated in FIG. 27A;

FIG. 27C is a graph showing the results of calculations of the angular dependence of light output from the sample light-emitting device rotated as illustrated in FIG. 27A;

FIG. 27D is a schematic view of a light-emitting device that can emit linearly polarized light of the TE mode, rotated about an axis parallel to the line direction of the one-dimensional periodic structure;

FIG. 27E is a graph showing the results of measurements of the angular dependence of light output from the sample light-emitting device rotated as illustrated in FIG. 27D;

FIG. 27F is a graph showing the results of calculations of the angular dependence of light output from the sample light-emitting device rotated as illustrated in FIG. 27D;

FIG. 28A is a schematic view of a light-emitting device that can emit linearly polarized light of the TE mode, rotated about an axis perpendicular to the line direction of the one-dimensional periodic structure;

FIG. 28B is a graph showing the results of measurements of the angular dependence of light output from the sample light-emitting device rotated as illustrated in FIG. 28A;

FIG. 28C is a graph showing the results of calculations of the angular dependence of light output from the sample light-emitting device rotated as illustrated in FIG. 28A;

FIG. 28D is a schematic view of a light-emitting device that can emit linearly polarized light of the TM mode; rotated about an axis perpendicular to the line direction of the one-dimensional periodic structure;

FIG. 28E is a graph showing the results of measurements of the angular dependence of light output from the sample light-emitting device rotated as illustrated in FIG. 28D;

FIG. 28F is a graph showing the results of calculations of the angular dependence of light output from the sample light-emitting device rotated as illustrated in FIG. 280;

FIG. 29 is a graph showing the results of measurements of the angular dependence of light (wavelength: 610 nm) output from the sample light-emitting device;

FIG. 30 is a schematic perspective view of an example slab waveguide;

FIG. 31 is a schematic view illustrating the relationship between the wavelength and output direction of light under the light enhancement effect in a light-emitting device having a periodic structure on a photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 32A is a schematic plan view of an example structure of an array of periodic structures having different wavelengths at which the light enhancement effect is produced;

FIG. 32B is a schematic plan view of an example structure that includes an array of one-dimensional periodic structures having projections extending in different directions;

FIG. 32C is a schematic plan view of an example structure that includes an array of two-dimensional periodic structures;

FIG. 33 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device including microlenses;

FIG. 34A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device that includes photoluminescent layers having different emission wavelengths;

FIG. 34B is a schematic cross-sectional view of another light-emitting device that includes photoluminescent layers having different emission wavelengths;

FIG. 35A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example light-emitting device that includes a diffusion-barrier layer (i.e. barrier layer) under a photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 35B is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting device that includes a diffusion-barrier layer (i.e. barrier layer) under a photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 35C is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting device that includes a diffusion-barrier layer (i.e. barrier layer) under a photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 35D is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting device that includes a diffusion-barrier layer (i.e. barrier layer) under a photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 36A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example light-emitting device that includes a crystal growth layer (i.e. seed layer) under a photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 36B is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting device that includes a crystal growth layer (i.e. seed layer) under a photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 36C is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting device that includes a crystal growth layer (i.e. seed layer) under a photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 37A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example light-emitting device that includes a surface protective layer for protecting a periodic structure;

FIG. 37B is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting device that includes a surface protective layer for protecting a periodic structure;

FIG. 38A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example light-emitting device having a transparent thermally conductive layer;

FIG. 38B is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting device having a transparent thermally conductive layer;

FIG. 38C is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting device having a transparent thermally conductive layer;

FIG. 38D is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting device having a transparent thermally conductive layer;

FIG. 39A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example light-emitting apparatus having improved heat dissipation characteristics;

FIG. 39B is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting apparatus having improved heat dissipation characteristics;

FIG. 39C is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting apparatus having improved heat dissipation characteristics;

FIG. 39D is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting apparatus having improved heat dissipation characteristics;

FIG. 40A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example light-emitting device including a thermally conductive member;

FIG. 40B is a plan view of the light-emitting device illustrated in FIG. 40A;

FIG. 40C is a schematic cross-sectional view of another example light-emitting device including a thermally conductive member;

FIG. 40D is a plan view of the light-emitting device illustrated in FIG. 400;

FIG. 41A is a schematic view of an example arrangement of thermally conductive members in tiled light-emitting devices;

FIG. 41B is a plan view of the light-emitting device illustrated in FIG. 41A;

FIG. 42A is a schematic view of an example light-emitting apparatus including an interlock circuit;

FIG. 42B is a schematic view of the configuration of a light-emitting apparatus including an interlock circuit;

FIG. 43A is a first figure illustrating a method for forming a submicron structure using beads;

FIG. 43B is a second figure illustrating a method for forming a submicron structure using beads;

FIG. 43C illustrates a schematic view of an example of packing of beads and a light scattering pattern of the packed beads;

FIG. 43D illustrates a schematic view of another example of packing of beads and a light scattering pattern of the packed beads;

FIG. 43E illustrates a schematic view of another example of packing of beads and a light scattering pattern of the packed beads;

FIG. 43F illustrates a schematic view of another example of packing of beads and a light scattering pattern of the packed beads;

FIG. 44 is a schematic perspective view of a display apparatus according to an embodiment;

FIG. 45 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of a display apparatus having an optical shutter formed of a liquid crystal module;

FIG. 46 is a schematic perspective view of a display apparatus including a touch screen;

FIG. 47 is a schematic cross-sectional view of part of the structure of a display apparatus that includes a light guide plate configured to transmit excitation light from an excitation light source to a photoluminescent layer;

FIG. 48 is a schematic perspective view of a display apparatus according to still another embodiment;

FIG. 49 is a schematic cross-sectional view of part of a display apparatus according to still another embodiment;

FIG. 50 is a schematic perspective view of a lighting apparatus according to an embodiment;

FIG. 51 is a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of a lighting apparatus according to another embodiment;

FIG. 52 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a lighting apparatus according to still another embodiment;

FIG. 53 is a cross-sectional view of the structure of a lighting apparatus including light-emitting devices;

FIG. 54 is a schematic view of the structure of a lighting apparatus (e.g. headlight) in which light distribution can be controlled with a micromirror;

FIG. 55 is a simplified view of a light-emitting apparatus that includes a rotation mechanism and a wheel-like light-emitting device;

FIG. 56 is a schematic view of the structure of the light-emitting device viewed in the axial direction;

FIG. 57 is a diagram of a visible light communication system according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 58 is a schematic view of the structure of a transparent display unit that includes a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure as a screen;

FIG. 59 is a schematic view of a traffic light as an application example;

FIG. 60 is a schematic view of a detailed structure of the traffic light;

FIG. 61 is a schematic view of a light source apparatus for plants as an application example;

FIG. 62 is a schematic view of a distance sensor as an application example;

FIG. 63A is a schematic view of the structure of a light-emitting apparatus in the distance sensor;

FIG. 63B is an explanatory view of the generation of pulsed light using a control circuit;

FIG. 63C is a diagram of a drive signal and a light-responsive signal as a function of time;

FIG. 64A is a schematic view of a modification that includes an optical shutter on a light output side of a light-emitting device;

FIG. 64B is an explanatory view of the generation of pulsed light in the structure illustrated in FIG. 64A;

FIG. 64C is a schematic view of a structure in which lenses are disposed between the light-emitting device and the optical shutter and on a light output side of the optical shutter; and

FIG. 65 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a surface structure having projections or recesses or both.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 1. Outline of Embodiments of Present Disclosure

The present disclosure includes the following light-emitting devices, light-emitting apparatuses, display apparatuses, traffic lights, light-emitting apparatuses for plants; and distance sensors.

[Item 1]

A light-emitting device includes

a photoluminescent layer,

a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer, and

a submicron structure that is formed on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer and extends in a plane of the photoluminescent layer or the light-transmissive layer,

wherein the submicron structure has projections or recesses,

light from the photoluminescent layer includes first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air, and

a distance D_(int) between adjacent projections or recesses and a refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<D_(int)<λ_(a).

[Item 2]

In Item 1, the submicron structure may include at least one periodic structure defined by at least the projections or recesses, and the at least one periodic structure may include a first periodic structure satisfying the following relationship: λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a) where p_(a) is a period of the first periodic structure.

[Item 3]

In Item 1 or 2, a refractive index n_(t-a) of the light-transmissive layer for the first light may be lower than the refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light.

[Item 4]

In any one of Items 1 to 3, the first light may have the maximum intensity in a first direction determined in advance by the submicron structure.

[Item 5]

In Item 4, the first direction may be normal to the photoluminescent layer.

[Item 6]

In Item 4 or 5, the first light output in the first direction may be linearly polarized light.

[Item 7]

In any one of Items 4 to 6, a directional angle of the first light with respect to the first direction may be less than 15 degrees.

[Item 8]

In any one of Items 4 to 7, second light having a wavelength λ_(b) different from the wavelength λ_(a) of the first light may have the maximum intensity in a second direction different from the first direction.

[Item 9]

In any one of Items 1 to 8, the light-transmissive layer may have the submicron structure.

[Item 10]

In any one of Items 1 to 9, the photoluminescent layer may have the submicron structure.

[Item 11]

In any one of Items 1 to 8,

the photoluminescent layer may have a flat main surface, and

the light-transmissive layer may be located on the flat main surface of the photoluminescent layer and may have the submicron structure.

[Item 12]

In Item 11, the light-emitting device may further include a transparent substrate that supports the photoluminescent layer.

[Item 13]

In any one of Items 1 to 8,

the light-transmissive layer may be a transparent substrate having the submicron structure on a main surface thereof, and

the photoluminescent layer may be located on the submicron structure.

[Item 14]

In Item 1 or 2, a refractive index n_(t-a), of the light-transmissive layer for the first light may be higher than or equal to the refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light, and each of the projections or recesses in the submicron structure may have a height or depth of 150 nm or less.

[Item 15]

In any one of Items 1 and 3 to 14,

the submicron structure may include at least one periodic structure defined by at least the projections or recesses, and the at least one periodic structure may include a first periodic structure satisfying the following relationship: λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a) where p_(a) is a period of the first periodic structure.

The first periodic structure may be a one-dimensional periodic structure.

[Item 16]

In Item 15,

the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer may contain second light having a wavelength λ_(b) different from the wavelength λ_(a) in air, and

the at least one periodic structure may further include a second periodic structure satisfying the following relationship: λ_(b)/n_(wav-b)<p_(b)<λ_(b) where n_(wav-b) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for the second light, and p_(b) is a period of the second periodic structure.

The second periodic structure may be a one-dimensional periodic structure.

[Item 17]

In any one of Items 1 and 3 to 14, the submicron structure may include at least two periodic structures defined by at least the projections or recesses, and the at least two periodic structures may include a two-dimensional periodic structure having periodicity in different directions.

[Item 18]

In any one of Items 1 and 3 to 14,

the submicron structure may include periodic structures defined by at least the projections or recesses, and

the periodic structures may include periodic structures arranged in a matrix.

[Item 19]

In any one of Items 1 and 3 to 14,

the submicron structure may include periodic structures defined by at least the projections or recesses, and

the periodic structures may include a periodic structure satisfying the following relationship: λ_(ex)/n_(wav-ex)<p_(ex)<λ_(ex) where p_(ex) is a period of the periodic structure, λ_(ex) is a wavelength, in air, of excitation light for a photoluminescent material contained in the photoluminescent layer, and n_(wav-ex) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for the excitation light.

[Item 20]

A light-emitting device includes

photoluminescent layers and light-transmissive layers.

At least two of the photoluminescent layers are each independently the photoluminescent layer according to any one of Items 1 to 19, and at least two of the light-transmissive layers are each independently the light-transmissive layer according to any one of Items 1 to 19.

[Item 21]

In Item 20, the photoluminescent layers and the light-transmissive layers may be stacked on top of each other.

[Item 22]

A light-emitting device includes

a photoluminescent layer,

a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer, and

a submicron structure that is formed on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer and extends in a plane of the photoluminescent layer or the light-transmissive layer.

Light is emitted to form a quasi-guided mode in the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer.

[Item 23]

A light-emitting device includes

a waveguide layer capable of guiding light and

a periodic structure located on or near the waveguide layer.

The waveguide layer contains a photoluminescent material.

The waveguide layer forms a quasi-guided mode in which light emitted from the photoluminescent material is guided while interacting with the periodic structure.

[Item 24]

A light-emitting device includes

a photoluminescent layer,

a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer, and

a submicron structure that is formed on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer and extends in a plane of the photoluminescent layer or the light-transmissive layer.

The submicron structure has projections or recesses or both and satisfies the following relationship: λ_(ex)/n_(wav-ex)<D_(int)<λ_(ex) where D_(int) is a distance between adjacent projections or recesses, λ_(ex) is a wavelength, in air, of excitation light for a photoluminescent material contained in the photoluminescent layer, and n_(wav-ex) is a refractive index, for the excitation light, of a medium having the highest refractive index of media present in an optical path to the photoluminescent layer or the light-transmissive layer.

[Item 25]

In Item 24, the submicron structure may include at least one periodic structure defined by at least the projections or recesses, and the at least one periodic structure may include a first periodic structure satisfying the following relationship: λ_(ex)/n_(wav-ex)<p_(ex)<λ_(ex) where p_(ex) is a period of the first periodic structure.

[Item 26]

A light-emitting device includes

a light-transmissive layer,

a submicron structure that is formed in the light-transmissive layer and extends in a plane of the light-transmissive layer, and

a photoluminescent layer located on or near the submicron structure,

wherein the submicron structure has projections or recesses,

light from the photoluminescent layer includes first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air,

the submicron structure includes at east one periodic structure defined by at least the projections or recesses, and

a refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light and a period p of the at least one periodic structure satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a)

[Item 27]

A light-emitting device includes

a photoluminescent layer,

a light-transmissive layer having a higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer, and

a submicron structure that is formed in the light-transmissive layer and extends in a plane of the light-transmissive layer,

wherein the submicron structure has projections or recesses,

light from the photoluminescent layer includes first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air,

the submicron structure includes at least one periodic structure defined by at least the projections or recesses, and

a refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light and a period p_(a) of the at least one periodic structure satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a).

[Item 28]

A light-emitting device includes

a photoluminescent layer, and

a submicron structure that is formed in the photoluminescent layer and extends in a plane of the photoluminescent layer,

wherein the submicron structure has projections or recesses,

light from the photoluminescent layer includes first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air,

the submicron structure includes at least one periodic structure defined by at least the projections or recesses, and

a refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light and a period p_(a) of the at least one periodic structure satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a).

[Item 29]

The light-emitting device according to any one of Items 1 to 21 and 24 to 28, wherein the submicron structure has both the projections and the recesses.

[Item 30]

The light-emitting device according to any one of Items 1 to 22 and 24 to 27, wherein the photoluminescent layer is in contact with the light-transmissive layer.

[Item 31]

The light-emitting device according to Item 23 herein the waveguide layer is in contact with the periodic structure.

[Item 32]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

the light-emitting device according to any one of Items 1 to 31, and

an excitation light source for irradiating the photoluminescent layer with excitation light.

[Item 33]

A display apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light-emitting device on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

an optical shutter on an optical path of light emitted from the light-emitting device,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength λ_(a) in air,     -   a light-transmissive layer located on or near the         photoluminescent layer, and     -   a surface structure on a surface of at least one of the         photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, and     -   the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and         limits a directional angle of the first light having the         wavelength in air.

[Item 34]

The display apparatus according to Item 33, wherein the photoluminescent layer is in contact with the light-transmissive layer.

[Item 35]

A display apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light-emitting device on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

an optical shutter on an optical path of light emitted from the light-emitting device,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength in air, and     -   a surface structure on a surface of the photoluminescent layer,         and     -   the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and         limits a directional angle of the first light having the         wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 36]

The display apparatus according to any one of Items 33 to 35, wherein a center-to-center distance D_(int) between two adjacent projections or recesses in the surface structure and a refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<D_(int)<λ_(a).

[Item 37]

The display apparatus according to any one of Items 33 to 36, further including a color filter array on an incident side of the optical shutter that light from the light-emitting device enters or on an output side of the optical shutter from which the light is output, the color filter array including color filters having different transparent wavelength bands.

[Item 38]

The display apparatus according to any one of Items 33 to 37, further including a light guide plate for transmitting light from the light-emitting device to the optical shutter.

[Item 39]

The display apparatus according to any one of Items 33 to 37, further including a light guide plate for transmitting the excitation light from the excitation light source to the photoluminescent layer.

[Item 40]

The display apparatus according to any one of Items 33 to 39, further including a drive circuit for driving the optical shutter in response to an image signal.

[Item 41]

The display apparatus according to Item 40, further including a touch screen on a side of the optical shutter from which light from the light-emitting device is output.

[Item 42]

The display apparatus according to any one of Items 33 to 41, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure, and the at least one periodic structure includes a first periodic structure that satisfies λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a), where p_(a) is a period of the first periodic structure.

[Item 43]

The display apparatus according to Item 42, wherein

the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer may contain second light having a wavelength λ_(b) different from the wavelength λ_(a) in air, and

the at least one periodic structure may further include a second periodic structure satisfying the following relationship: λ_(b)/n_(wav-b)<p_(b)<λ_(b)) where n_(wav-b) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for the second light, and p_(b) is a period of the second periodic structure.

The wavelength λ_(a) is in a red wavelength band, and

the wavelength λ_(b) is in a green wavelength band.

[Item 44]

The display apparatus according to Item 43, wherein

the at least one periodic structure may further include a third periodic structure that satisfies λ_(c)/n_(wav-c)<p_(c)<λ_(c), where n_(wav-c) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for third light having a wavelength λ_(c) different from λ_(a) and λ_(b) in air, and p_(c) is a period of the third periodic structure, and

the wavelength λ_(c) is in a blue wavelength band.

[Item 45]

The display apparatus according to Item 43 or 44, wherein the excitation light source emits light in a blue wavelength band.

[Item 46]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light-emitting device on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

a light guide plate disposed so as to absorb light from the light-emitting device and output the light,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength λ_(a) in air,     -   a light-transmissive layer located on or near the         photoluminescent layer, and     -   a surface structure on a surface of at least one of the         photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, and     -   the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and         limits a directional angle of the first light having the         wavelength λ_(a) in air

[Item 47]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light guide plate disposed so as to absorb excitation light from the excitation light source and output the light, and

a light-emitting device on an optical path of the excitation light output from the light guide plate,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength ?_(a) in air,     -   a light-transmissive layer located on or near the         photoluminescent layer, and     -   a surface structure on a surface of at least one of the         photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, and     -   the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and         limits a directional angle of the first light having the         wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 48]

The light-emitting apparatus according to Item 46 or 47, wherein the photoluminescent layer is in contact with the light-transmissive layer,

[Item 49]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light-emitting device on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

a light guide plate disposed so as to absorb light from the light-emitting device and output the light,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength λ_(a) in air, and a surface structure on a         surface of the photoluminescent layer, and     -   the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and         limits a directional angle of the first light having the         wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 50]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light guide plate disposed so as to absorb excitation light from the excitation light source and output the light, and

a light-emitting device on an optical path of the excitation light output from the light guide plate,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength λ_(a) in air, and     -   a surface structure on a surface of the photoluminescent layer,         and     -   the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and         limits a directional angle of the first light having the         wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 51]

The light-emitting apparatus according to any one of Items 46 to 50, wherein a center-to-center distance D_(int) between two adjacent projections or recesses in the surface structure and a refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<D_(int)<λ_(a).

[Item 52]

The light-emitting apparatus according to any one of Items 46 to 51, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure, and the at least one periodic structure includes a first periodic structure that satisfies λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a), where p_(a) is a period of the first periodic structure.

[Item 53]

The light-emitting apparatus according to Item 52, wherein

the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer may contain second light having a wavelength λ_(b) different from the wavelength λ_(a) in air, and

the at least one periodic structure may further include a second periodic structure satisfying the following relationship: λ_(b)/n_(wav-b)<p_(b)<λ_(b) where n_(wav-b) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for the second light, and p_(b) is a period of the second periodic structure.

The wavelength λ_(a) is in a red wavelength band, and

the wavelength λ_(b) is in a green wavelength band.

[Item 54]

The light-emitting apparatus according to Item 53, wherein

the at least one periodic structure may further include a third periodic structure that satisfies λ_(c)/n_(wav-c)<p_(c)<λ_(c), where n_(wav-c) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for third light having a wavelength λ_(c) different from λ_(a) and λ_(b) in air, and p_(c) is a period of the third periodic structure, and

the wavelength λ_(c) is in a blue or yellow wavelength band.

[Item 55]

The light-emitting apparatus according to Item 53 or 54, wherein the excitation light source emits light in a blue wavelength band.

[Item 56]

A traffic light includes

the light-emitting apparatus according to any one of Items 54, and

a housing for the light-emitting apparatus,

wherein the wavelength λ_(c) is in the yellow wavelength band.

[Item 57]

A display apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light-emitting device on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

an optical shutter on an optical path of light emitted from the light-emitting device,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a light-transmissive layer,     -   a surface structure formed on a surface of the         light-transmissive layer and including projections or recesses         or both, and     -   a photoluminescent layer that is located on or near the surface         structure and can emit light including first light in response         to excitation light, the first light having a wavelength λ_(a)         in air, and     -   the surface structure limits a directional angle of the first         light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 58]

A display apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light-emitting device on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

an optical shutter on an optical path of light emitted from the light-emitting device,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength λ_(a) in air,     -   a light-transmissive layer having a higher refractive index than         the photoluminescent layer, and     -   a surface structure formed on a surface of the         light-transmissive layer and including projections or recesses         or both, and     -   the surface structure limits a directional angle of the first         light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 59]

The display apparatus according to Item 57 or 58, wherein the photoluminescent layer is in contact with the light-transmissive layer,

[Item 60]

The display apparatus according to any one of Items 57 to 59, wherein a center-to-center distance D_(int) between two adjacent projections or recesses in the surface structure and a refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<D_(int)<λ_(a).

[Item 61]

The display apparatus according to any one of Items 57 to 59, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure, and the at least one periodic structure includes a first periodic structure that satisfies λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a), where p_(a) is a period of the first periodic structure.

[Item 62]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light-emitting device on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

a light guide plate disposed so as to absorb light from the light-emitting device and output the light,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a light-transmissive layer,     -   a surface structure formed on a surface of the         light-transmissive layer and including projections or recesses         or both, and     -   a photoluminescent layer that is located on or near the surface         structure and can emit light including first light in response         to excitation light, the first light having a wavelength λ_(a)         in air, and     -   the surface structure limits a directional angle of the first         light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 63]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light-emitting device on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

a light guide plate disposed so as to absorb light from the light-emitting device and output the light,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength λ_(a) in air,     -   a light-transmissive layer having a higher refractive index than         the photoluminescent layer, and     -   a surface structure formed on a surface of the         light-transmissive layer and including projections or recesses         or both, and     -   the surface structure limits a directional angle of the first         light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 64]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light guide plate disposed so as to absorb excitation light from the excitation light source and output the light, and

a light-emitting device on an optical path of the excitation light output from the light guide plate,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a light-transmissive layer,     -   a surface structure formed on a surface of the         light-transmissive layer and including projections or recesses         or both, and     -   a photoluminescent layer that is located on or near the surface         structure and can emit light including first light in response         to excitation light, the first light having a wavelength λ_(a)         in air, and     -   the surface structure limits a directional angle of the first         light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 65]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light guide plate disposed so as to absorb excitation light from the excitation light source and output the light, and

a light-emitting device on an optical path of the excitation light output from the light guide plate,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength ?u, in air,     -   a light-transmissive layer having a higher refractive index than         the photoluminescent layer, and     -   a surface structure formed on a surface of the         light-transmissive layer and including projections or recesses         or both, and     -   the surface structure limits a directional angle of the first         light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 66]

The light-emitting apparatus according to any one of Items 62 to 65, wherein the photoluminescent layer is in contact with the light-transmissive layer.

[Item 67]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light-emitting device on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

a reflecting mirror on an optical path of light from the light-emitting device,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength λ_(a) in air,     -   a light-transmissive layer located on or near the         photoluminescent layer, and     -   a surface structure on a surface of at least one of the         photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, and     -   the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and         limits a directional angle of the first light having the         wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 68]

A light-emitting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a micromirror on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

a light-emitting device on an optical path of the excitation light reflected from the micromirror,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light including first         light in response to the excitation light, the first light         having a wavelength λ_(a) in air,     -   a light-transmissive layer located on or near the         photoluminescent layer, and     -   a surface structure on a surface of at least one of the         photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, and     -   the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and         limits a directional angle of the first light having the         wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 69]

The light-emitting apparatus according to any one of Items 62 to 68, wherein a center-to-center distance D_(int) between two adjacent projections or recesses in the surface structure and a refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<D_(int)<λ_(a).

[Item 70]

The light-emitting apparatus according to any one of Items 62 to 68, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure, and the at least one periodic structure includes a first periodic structure that satisfies λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a), where p_(a) is a period of the first periodic structure.

[Item 71]

Alighting apparatus includes

an excitation light source,

a light-emitting device on an optical path of excitation light output from the excitation light source, and

a mechanism for rotating the light-emitting device,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a central portion coupled to the mechanism, and     -   first to third regions around the central portion,

each of the first and second regions includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer that can emit light in response to the         excitation light,     -   a light-transmissive layer located on or near the         photoluminescent layer, and     -   at least one periodic structure formed on at least one of the         photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer,     -   the periodic structure has projections or recesses or both,

light from the photoluminescent layer in the first region includes first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air, and a distance D_(int-a) between adjacent projections or recesses in the first region and a refractive index n_(way-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<D_(int-a)<λ_(a),

light from the photoluminescent layer in the second region includes second light having a wavelength λ_(b) in air, and a distance D_(int-b) between adjacent projections or recesses in the second region and a refractive index n_(wav-b) of the photoluminescent layer for the second light satisfy λ_(b)/n_(wav-b)<D_(int-b)<λ_(b),

the third region is a transparent region, and

the excitation light source successively emits the excitation light into the first to third regions while the mechanism rotates the light-emitting device.

[Item 72]

The lighting apparatus according to Item 71, wherein

the wavelength λ_(a) is in a red wavelength band,

the wavelength λ_(b) is in a green wavelength band, and

the excitation light induces emission of light in a blue wavelength band.

[Item 73]

A traffic light includes

a photoluminescent layer having first to third emission regions arranged in a line,

a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer, and

a surface structure formed on a surface of at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer and including projections or recesses or both,

wherein the first emission region produces first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air in response to excitation light,

the second emission region produces second light having a wavelength λ_(b) in air in response to excitation light,

the third emission region produces third light having a wavelength λ_(c) in air in response to excitation light,

the surface structure includes a first portion for limiting a directional angle of the first light produced by the first emission region, a second portion for limiting a directional angle of the second light produced by the second emission region, and a third portion for limiting a directional angle of the third light produced by the third emission region,

the wavelength λ_(a) is in a red wavelength band,

the wavelength λ_(b) is in a green wavelength band, and

the wavelength λ_(c) is in a yellow wavelength band.

[Item 74]

A traffic light includes

a photoluminescent layer having first and second emission regions arranged in a line,

a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer, and

a surface structure formed on a surface of at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer and including projections or recesses or both,

wherein the first emission region produces first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air in response to excitation light,

the second emission region produces second light having a wavelength λ_(b) in air in response to excitation light,

the surface structure includes a first portion for limiting a directional angle of the first light produced by the first emission region, and a second portion for limiting a directional angle of the second light produced by the second emission region,

the wavelength λ_(a) is in a red wavelength band, and

the wavelength λ_(b) is in a green wavelength band.

[Item 75]

A light-emitting apparatus for plants includes

a stand on which a plant is to be placed, and

a light-emitting device for irradiating the plant with light,

wherein the light-emitting device includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light having a wavelength         λ_(a) in air,     -   a light-transmissive layer located on or near the         photoluminescent layer, and     -   a surface structure that is formed on a surface of at least one         of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer,         has projections or recesses or both, and limits a directional         angle of the light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.

[Item 76]

A light-emitting apparatus for plants includes

a stand on which a plant is to be placed,

a first light-emitting device for irradiating the plant with first light, and

a second light-emitting device for irradiating the plant with second light,

wherein the first light-emitting device includes

-   -   a first photoluminescent layer for emitting light having a         wavelength λ_(a) in air,     -   a first light-transmissive layer located on or near the first         photoluminescent layer, and     -   a first surface structure that is formed on a surface of at         least one of the first photoluminescent layer and the first         light-transmissive layer, includes first projections or first         recesses or both, and limits a directional angle of the light         having the wavelength λ_(a) in air, and

the second light-emitting device includes

-   -   a second photoluminescent layer for emitting light having a         wavelength λ_(b) different from λ_(a) in air,     -   a second light-transmissive layer located on or near the second         photoluminescent layer, and     -   a second surface structure that is formed on a surface of at         least one of the second photoluminescent layer and the second         light-transmissive layer, includes second projections or second         recesses or both, and limits a directional angle of the light         having the wavelength λ_(b) in air.

[Item 77]

A distance sensor includes

a light-emitting apparatus,

an image sensor, and

a control circuit for controlling the light-emitting apparatus and the image sensor,

wherein the light-emitting apparatus includes

-   -   a photoluminescent layer for emitting light having a wavelength         λ_(a) in air,     -   a light-transmissive layer located on or near the         photoluminescent layer, and     -   a surface structure that is formed on a surface of at least one         of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer,         has projections or recesses or both, and limits a directional         angle of the light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air, and

the control circuit causes the image sensor to scan an object while the light-emitting apparatus emits pulsed light in a wavelength band including the wavelength λ_(a), and determines a distance to the object based on the phase difference between the pulsed light emitted from the light-emitting apparatus and the pulsed light reflected from the object and detected by the image sensor.

[Item 78]

The distance sensor according to Item 77, wherein the wavelength λ_(a) is in a near-infrared wavelength band.

A light-emitting device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a photoluminescent layer for emitting light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air in response to the excitation light, a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer, and a surface structure formed on a surface of at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer and including projections or recesses or both, wherein the surface structure limits the directional angle of the light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air emitted from the photoluminescent layer. The wavelength λ_(a) is, for example, within the visible wavelength range (e.g., 380 to 780 nm). When infrared light is used, the wavelength λ_(a) may be more than 780 nm. When ultraviolet light is used, the wavelength λ_(a) may be less than 380 nm.

In the present disclosure, all electromagnetic waves, including infrared light and ultraviolet light, are referred to as “light” for convenience.

The photoluminescent layer contains a photoluminescent material. The term “photoluminescent material” refers to a material that emits light in response to excitation light. The term “photoluminescent material” encompasses fluorescent materials and phosphorescent materials in a narrow sense, encompasses inorganic materials and organic materials (e.g., dyes), and encompasses quantum dots (i.e., tiny semiconductor particles). The photoluminescent layer may contain a matrix material (host material) in addition to the photoluminescent material. Examples of matrix materials include resins and inorganic materials such as glasses and oxides.

The light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer is made of a material with high transmittance to the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer, for example, inorganic materials or resins. For example, the light-transmissive layer may be made of a dielectric (particularly, an insulator with low light absorption). For example, the light-transmissive layer may be a substrate that supports the photoluminescent layer. If the surface of the photoluminescent layer facing air has the submicron structure, the air layer can serve as the light-transmissive layer.

A surface structure having projections or recesses or both is formed on a surface of at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer. The term “surface”, as used herein, refers to a portion in contact with another substance (i.e., an interface). If the light-transmissive layer is a gas layer, such as air, the interface between the gas layer and another substance (e.g., the photoluminescent layer) is a surface of the light-transmissive layer. This surface structure can also be referred to as a “texture”. The surface structure typically has projections or recesses periodically arranged in one or two dimension. Such a surface structure can be referred to as a “periodic structure”. The projections and recesses are formed at the boundary between two adjoining members (or media) having different refractive indexes. Thus, the “periodic structure” has a refractive index that varies periodically in a certain direction. The term “periodically” refers not only to periodically in the strict sense but also to approximately periodically. In the present specification, the distance between any two adjacent centers (hereinafter also referred to as the “center distance”) of continuous projections or recesses in a periodic structure having a period p varies within ±15% of p.

The term “projection”, as used herein, refers to a raised portion higher than the reference height. The term “recess”, as used herein, refers to a recessed portion lower than the reference height. When projections and recesses have a particular shape, size, or distribution, it may be difficult to distinguish between projections and recesses. For example, in a cross-sectional view of FIG. 65, a member 610 has recesses, and a member 620 has projections, or alternatively the member 610 has projections, and the member 620 has recesses. In either case, each of the member 610 and the member 620 has projections or recesses or both.

The distance between the centers of two adjacent projections or recesses in the surface structure (the period p in the case of a periodic structure) is typically shorter than the wavelength λ_(a) in air of light emitted from the photoluminescent layer. The distance is submicron if light emitted from the photoluminescent layer is visible light, near-infrared light having a short wavelength, or ultraviolet light. Thus, such a surface structure is sometimes referred to as a “submicron structure”. The “submicron structure” may partly have a center distance or period of more than 1 micrometer (μm). In the following description, it is assumed that the photoluminescent layer principally emits visible light, and the surface structure is principally a “submicron structure”. However, the following description can also be applied to a surface structure having a micrometer structure (e.g., a micrometer structure used in combination with infrared light).

In a light-emitting device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a unique electric field distribution is formed inside the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, as described in detail later with reference to the results of calculations and experiments. Such an electric field distribution is formed by an interaction between guided light and a submicron structure (i.e., a surface structure). Such an electric field distribution is formed in an optical mode referred to as a “quasi-guided mode”. The quasi-guided mode can be utilized to improve the luminous efficiency, directionality, and polarization selectivity of photoluminescence, as described later. The term “quasi-guided mode” may be used in the following description to describe novel structures and/or mechanisms contemplated by the inventors. Such a description is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the present disclosure in any way.

For example, the submicron structure has projections and satisfies the relationship λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<D_(int)<λ_(a), where D_(int) is the center-to-center distance between adjacent projections. Instead of the projections, the submicron structure may have recesses. For simplicity, the following description will be directed to a submicron structure having projections. The symbol λ is the wavelength of light, and the symbol λ_(a) is the wavelength of light in air. The symbol n_(wav) is the refractive index of the photoluminescent layer. If the photoluminescent layer is a medium containing materials, the refractive index n_(wav) is the average refractive index of the materials weighted by their respective volume fractions. Although it is desirable to use the symbol n_(wav-a) to refer to the refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for light of the wavelength λ_(a) because the refractive index n generally depends on the wavelength, it may be abbreviated for simplicity. The symbol n_(wav) is basically the refractive index of the photoluminescent layer; however, if a layer having a higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer is adjacent to the photoluminescent layer, the refractive index n_(wav) is the average refractive index of the layer having a higher refractive index and the photoluminescent layer weighted by their respective volume fractions. This is optically equivalent to a photoluminescent layer composed of layers of different materials,

The effective refractive index n_(eff) of the medium for light in the quasi-guided mode satisfies n_(a)<n_(eff)<n_(wav), where n_(a) is the refractive index of air. If light in the quasi-guided mode is assumed to be light propagating through the photoluminescent layer while being totally reflected at an angle of incidence θ, the effective refractive index n_(eff) can be written as n_(eff)=n_(wav) sin θ. The effective refractive index n_(eff) is determined by the refractive index of the medium present in the region where the electric field of the quasi-guided mode is distributed. For example, if the submicron structure is formed in the light-transmissive layer, the effective refractive index n_(eff) depends not only on the refractive index of the photoluminescent layer, but also on the refractive index of the light-transmissive layer. Because the electric field distribution also varies depending on the polarization direction of the quasi-guided mode (i.e., the TE mode or the TM mode), the effective refractive index n_(eff) can differ between the TE mode and the TM mode.

The submicron structure is defined on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer. If the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer are in contact with each other, the submicron structure may be defined on the interface between the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer. In this case, the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer have the submicron structure. The photoluminescent layer may have no submicron structure. In this case, a light-transmissive layer having a submicron structure is located on or near the photoluminescent layer. When the light-transmissive layer (or its submicron structure) is said to be on or near the photoluminescent layer, the distance therebetween is typically half the wavelength λ_(a) or less. This allows the electric field of a guided mode to reach the submicron structure, thus forming a quasi-guided mode. However, the distance between the submicron structure of the light-transmissive layer and the photoluminescent layer may exceed half the wavelength λ_(a) if the light-transmissive layer has a higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer. If the light-transmissive layer has a higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer, light reaches the light-transmissive layer even if the above relationship is not satisfied. In the present specification, if the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer have a positional relationship that allows the electric field of a guided mode to reach the submicron structure and form a quasi-guided mode, they may be associated with each other.

The submicron structure that satisfies λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<D_(int)<λ_(a) as described above is characterized by a submicron size in applications utilizing visible light. The submicron structure can include at least one periodic structure, as in the light-emitting devices according to the embodiments described in detail later. The at least one periodic structure satisfies the relationship λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a), where p_(a) is the period of the at least one periodic structure. That is, the submicron structure can include a periodic structure in which the center-to-center distance D_(int) between adjacent projections is constant at p_(a). If the submicron structure includes such a periodic structure, light in the quasi-guided mode propagates while repeatedly interacting with the periodic structure so that the light is diffracted by the submicron structure. Unlike the phenomenon in which light propagating through free space is diffracted by a periodic structure, this is the phenomenon in which light is guided (i.e., repeatedly totally reflected) while interacting with the periodic structure. This efficiently diffracts the light even if the periodic structure causes a small phase shift (i.e., even if the periodic structure has a small height).

The above mechanism can be utilized to improve the luminous efficiency of photoluminescence by the enhancement of the electric field due to the quasi-guided mode and also to couple the emitted light into the quasi-guided mode. The angle of travel of the light in the quasi-guided mode is varied by the angle of diffraction determined by the periodic structure. This can be utilized to output light of a particular wavelength in a particular direction. This can significantly improve directionality as compared with submicron structures including no periodic structure. Furthermore, high polarization selectivity can be simultaneously achieved because the effective refractive index n_(eff) (=n_(wav) sin θ) differs between the TE mode and the TM mode. For example, as demonstrated by the experimental examples below, a light-emitting device can be provided that outputs intense linearly polarized light (e.g., the TM mode) of a particular wavelength (e.g., 610 nm) in the front direction. The directional angle of the light output in the front direction is, for example, less than 15 degrees. The term “directional angle”, as used herein, refers to the angle between the direction of maximum intensity and the direction of 50% of the maximum intensity of linearly polarized light having a particular wavelength to be emitted. In other words, the term “directional angle” refers to the angle of one side with respect to the direction of maximum intensity, which is assumed to be 0 degrees. Thus, the periodic structure (i.e., surface structure) in an embodiment of the present disclosure limits the directional angle of light having a particular wavelength λ_(a). In other words, the distribution of light having the wavelength λ_(a) is narrowed as compared with submicron structures including no periodic structure. Such a light distribution in which the directional angle is narrowed as compared with submicron structures including no periodic structure is sometimes referred to as a “narrow-angle light distribution”. Although the periodic structure in an embodiment of the present disclosure limits the directional angle of light having the wavelength λ_(a), the periodic structure does not emit the entire light having the wavelength λ_(a) at narrow angles. For example, in an embodiment described later in FIG. 29, light having the wavelength λ_(a) is slightly emitted in a direction (e.g., at an angle in the range of 20 to 70 degrees) away from the direction of maximum intensity. However, as a whole, output light having the wavelength λ_(a) mostly has an angle in the range of 0 to 20 degrees and has limited angles of directionality.

Unlike general diffraction gratings, the periodic structure in a typical embodiment of the present disclosure has a shorter period than the light wavelength λ_(a). General diffraction gratings have a sufficiently longer period than the light wavelength λ_(a), and consequently light having a particular wavelength is divided into diffracted light emissions, such as zero-order light (i.e., transmitted light) and ±1-order diffracted light. In such diffraction gratings, higher-order diffracted light is generated on both sides of zero-order light. Higher-order diffracted light generated on both sides of zero-order light in diffraction grating makes it difficult to provide a narrow-angle light distribution. In other words, known diffraction gratings do not have the effect of limiting the directional angle of light to a predetermined angle (e.g., approximately 15 degrees), which is a characteristic effect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this regard, the periodic structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is significantly different from known diffraction gratings.

A submicron structure having a lower periodicity results in a lower directionality, luminous efficiency, polarization, and wavelength selectivity. The periodicity of the submicron structure may be adjusted depending on the need. The periodic structure may be a one-dimensional periodic structure, which has a higher polarization selectivity, or a two-dimensional periodic structure, which allows for a lower polarization.

The submicron structure may include periodic structures. For example, these periodic structures may have different periods or different periodic directions (i.e. axes). The periodic structures may be defined on the same plane or may be stacked on top of each other. The light-emitting device may include photoluminescent layers and light-transmissive layers, and they may have submicron structures.

The submicron structure can be used not only to control the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer, but also to efficiently guide excitation light into the photoluminescent layer. That is, the excitation light can be diffracted and coupled into the quasi-guided mode to guide light in the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer by the submicron structure to efficiently excite the photoluminescent layer. A submicron structure may be used that satisfies the relationship λ_(ex)/n_(wav-ex)<D_(int)<λ_(ex), where λ_(ex) is the wavelength, in air, of the light that excites the photoluminescent material, and n_(wav-ex) is the refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for the excitation light. The symbol n_(wav-ex) is the refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for the emission wavelength of the photoluminescent material. Alternatively, a submicron structure may be used that includes a periodic structure satisfying the relationship λ_(ex)/n_(wav-ex)<p_(ax)<λ_(ex), where p_(ex) is the period of the periodic structure. The excitation light has a wavelength λ_(ex) of, for example, 450 nm, although it may have a shorter wavelength than visible light. If the excitation light has a wavelength within the visible range, it may be output together with the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer.

2 Underlying Knowledge Forming Basis of the Present Disclosure

The underlying knowledge forming the basis for the present disclosure will be described before describing specific embodiments of the present disclosure. As described above, photoluminescent materials such as those used for fluorescent lamps and white LEDs emit light in all directions and thus require optical elements such as reflectors and lenses to emit light in a particular direction. These optical elements, however, can be eliminated (or the size thereof can be reduced) if the photoluminescent layer itself emits directional light. This results in a significant reduction in the size of optical devices and equipment. With this idea in mind, the inventors have conducted a detailed study on the photoluminescent layer to achieve directional light emission.

The inventors have investigated the possibility of inducing light emission with particular directionality so that the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer is localized in a particular direction. Based on Fermi's golden rule, the emission rate Γ, which is a measure characterizing light emission, is represented by equation (1):

$\begin{matrix} {{\Gamma (r)} = {\frac{2\pi}{h}{\langle\left( {d \cdot {E(r)}} \right)\rangle}^{2}{\rho (\lambda)}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

In equation (1), r is the vector indicating the position, λ is the wavelength of light, d is the dipole vector, E is the electric field vector, and p is the density of states. For many substances other than some crystalline substances, the dipole vector d is randomly oriented. The magnitude of the electric field E is substantia y constant irrespective of the direction if the size and thickness of the photoluminescent layer are sufficiently larger than the wavelength of light. Hence, in most cases, the value of <(d·E(r))>² does not depend on the direction. Accordingly, the emission rate F is constant irrespective of the direction. Thus, in most cases, the photoluminescent layer emits light in all directions.

As can be seen from equation (1), to achieve anisotropic light emission, it is necessary to align the dipole vector d in a particular direction or to enhance the component of the electric field vector in a particular direction. One of these approaches can be employed to achieve directional light emission. In the present disclosure, the results of a detailed study and analysis on structures for utilizing a quasi-guided mode in which the electric field component in a particular direction is enhanced by the confinement of light in the photoluminescent layer will be described below.

3. Structure for Enhancing Only Electric Field in Particular Direction

The inventors have investigated the possibility of controlling light emission using a guided mode with an intense electric field. Light can be coupled into a guided mode using a waveguide structure that itself contains a photoluminescent material. However, a waveguide structure simply formed using a photoluminescent material outputs little or no light in the front direction because the emitted light is coupled into a guided mode. Accordingly, the inventors have investigated the possibility of combining a waveguide containing a photoluminescent material with a periodic structure. When the electric field of light is guided in a waveguide while overlapping with a periodic structure located on or near the waveguide, a quasi-guided mode is formed by the effect of the periodic structure. That is, the quasi-guided mode is a guided mode restricted by the periodic structure and is characterized in that the antinodes of the amplitude of the electric field have the same period as the periodic structure. Light in this mode is confined in the waveguide structure to enhance the electric field in a particular direction. This mode also interacts with the periodic structure to undergo diffraction so that the light in this mode is converted into light propagating in a particular direction and can thus be output from the waveguide. The electric field of light other than the quasi-guided mode is not enhanced because little or no such light is confined in the waveguide. Thus, most light is coupled into a quasi-guided mode with a large electric field component.

That is, the inventors have investigated the possibility of using a photoluminescent layer containing a photoluminescent material as a waveguide (or a waveguide layer including a photoluminescent layer) in combination with a periodic structure located on or near the waveguide to couple light into a quasi-guided mode in which the light is converted into light propagating in a particular direction, thereby providing a directional light source.

As a simple waveguide structure, the inventors have studied slab waveguides. A slab waveguide has a planar structure in which light is guided. FIG. 30 is a schematic perspective view of an example slab waveguide 110S. There is a mode of light propagating through the waveguide 110S if the waveguide 110S has a higher refractive index than a transparent substrate 140 that supports the waveguide 110S. If such a slab waveguide includes a photoluminescent layer, the electric field of light emitted from an emission point overlaps largely with the electric field of a guided mode. This allows most of the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer to be coupled into the guided mode. If the photoluminescent layer has a thickness close to the wavelength of the light, a situation can be created where there is only a guided mode with a large electric field amplitude.

If a periodic structure is located on or near the photoluminescent layer, the electric field of the guided mode interacts with the periodic structure to form a quasi-guided mode. Even if the photoluminescent layer is composed of layers, a quasi-guided mode is formed as long as the electric field of the guided mode reaches the periodic structure. Not all parts of the photoluminescent layer needs to be made of a photoluminescent material; it may be a layer including at least a region that functions to emit light.

If the periodic structure is made of a metal, a mode due to the guided mode and plasmon resonance is formed. This mode has different properties from the quasi-guided mode described above and is less effective in enhancing emission because a large loss occurs due to high absorption by the metal. Thus, it is desirable to form the periodic structure using a dielectric with low absorption.

The inventors have studied the coupling of light into a quasi-guided mode that can be output as light propagating in a particular angular direction using a periodic structure formed on a waveguide. FIG. 1A is a schematic perspective view of an example light-emitting device 100 including a waveguide (e.g., photoluminescent layer) 110 and a periodic structure (e.g., part of light-transmissive layer) 120. The light-transmissive layer 120 may be hereinafter referred to as “periodic structure 120” if the light-transmissive layer 120 forms a periodic structure (i.e., if a submicron structure is defined on the light-transmissive layer 120). In this example, the periodic structure 120 is a one-dimensional periodic structure in which stripe-shaped projections extending in the y direction are arranged at regular intervals in the x direction. FIG. 1B is a sectional view of the light-emitting device 100 taken along a plane parallel to the xz plane. If a periodic structure 120 having a period p is provided in contact with the waveguide 110, a quasi-guided mode having a wave number k_(wav) in the in-plane direction is converted into light propagating outside the waveguide 110. The wave number k_(out) of the light can be represented by equation (2):

$\begin{matrix} {k_{out} = {k_{wav} - {m\frac{2\pi}{p}}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

where m is an integer indicating the diffraction order.

For simplicity, the light guided in the waveguide 110 is assumed to be a ray of light propagating at an angle θ_(wav). This approximation gives equations (3) and (4):

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{k_{wav}\lambda_{0}}{2\pi} = {n_{wav}\sin \; \theta_{wav}}} & (3) \\ {\frac{k_{out}\lambda_{0}}{2\pi} = {n_{out}\sin \; \theta_{out}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

In these equations, λ₀ is the wavelength of the light in air, n_(wav) is the refractive index of the waveguide 110, n_(out) is the refractive index of the medium from which the light is output, and θ_(out) is the angle at which the light is output from the waveguide 110 to a substrate or air. From equations (2) to (4), the output angle θ_(out) can be represented by equation (5):

n _(out) sin θ_(out) =n _(wav) sin θ_(wav) −mλ ₀ /p  (5)

If n_(wav) sin θ_(wav)=mλ₀/p in equation (5), θ_(out)=0, meaning that the light can be output in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the waveguide 110 (i.e., in the front direction).

Based on this principle, light can be coupled into a particular quasi-guided mode and be converted into light having a particular output angle using the periodic structure to output intense light in that direction.

There are some constraints to achieving the above situation. To form a quasi-guided mode, the light propagating through the waveguide 110 has to be totally reflected. The conditions therefor are represented by inequality (6):

n _(out) <n _(wav) sin θ_(wav)  (6)

To diffract the quasi-guided mode using the periodic structure and thereby output the light from the waveguide 110, −1<sin θ_(cut)<1 has to be satisfied in equation (5). Hence, inequality (7) has to be satisfied:

$\begin{matrix} {{- 1} < {{\frac{n_{wav}}{n_{out}}\sin \; \theta_{wav}} - \frac{m\; \lambda_{0}}{n_{out}p}} < 1} & (7) \end{matrix}$

Taking into account inequality (6) inequality (8) may be satisfied:

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{m\; \lambda_{0}}{2n_{out}} < p} & (8) \end{matrix}$

To output the light from the waveguide 110 in the front direction (i.e., θ_(out)=0), as can be seen from equation (5), equation (9) has to be satisfied:

p=mλ ₀/(n _(wav) sin θ_(wav))  (9)

As can be seen from equation (9) and inequality (6), the required conditions are represented by inequality (10):

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{m\; \lambda_{0}}{n_{wav}} < p < \frac{m\; \lambda_{0}}{n_{out}}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

If the periodic structure 120 as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B is provided, it may be designed based on first-order diffracted light (i.e., m=1) because higher-order diffracted light (i.e., m≧2) has low diffraction efficiency. In this embodiment, the period p of the periodic structure 120 is determined so as to satisfy inequality (11), which is given by substituting m=1 into inequality (10):

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{\lambda_{0}}{n_{wav}} < p < \frac{\lambda_{0}}{n_{out}}} & (11) \end{matrix}$

If the waveguide (photoluminescent layer) 110 is not in contact with a transparent substrate, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, N_(out) is equal to the refractive index of air (i.e., about 1.0). Thus, the period p may be determined so as to satisfy inequality (12):

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{\lambda_{0}}{n_{wav}} < p < \lambda_{0}} & (12) \end{matrix}$

Alternatively, a structure as illustrated in FIGS. 1C and 1D may be employed in which the photoluminescent layer 110 and the periodic structure 120 are formed on a transparent substrate 140. The refractive index n_(s) of the transparent substrate 140 is higher than the refractive index of air. Thus, the period p may be determined so as to satisfy inequality (13), which is given by substituting N_(out)=n_(s) into inequality (11):

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{\lambda_{0}}{n_{wav}} < p < \frac{\lambda_{0}}{n_{s}}} & (13) \end{matrix}$

Although m=1 is assumed in inequality (10) to give inequalities (12) and (13), m≧2 may be assumed. That is, if both surfaces of the light-emitting device 100 are in contact with air layers, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the period p may be determined so as to satisfy inequality (14): where m is an integer of 1 or more.

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{m\; \lambda_{0}}{n_{wav}} < p < {m\; \lambda_{0}}} & (14) \end{matrix}$

Similarly, if the photoluminescent layer 110 is formed on the transparent substrate 140, as in the light-emitting device 100 a shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D, the period p may be determined so as to satisfy inequality (15):

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{m\; \lambda_{0}}{n_{wav}} < p < \frac{m\; \lambda_{0}}{n_{s}}} & (15) \end{matrix}$

By determining the period p of the periodic structure so as to satisfy the above inequalities, the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer 110 can be output in the front direction, thus providing a directional light-emitting device.

4. Verification by Calculations 4-1. Period and Wavelength Dependence

The inventors verified, by optical analysis, whether the output of light in a particular direction as described above is actually possible. The optical analysis was performed by calculations using DiffractMOD available from Cybernet Systems Co., Ltd. In these calculations, the change in the absorption of external light incident perpendicular to a light-emitting device by a photoluminescent layer was calculated to determine the enhancement of light output perpendicular to the light-emitting device. The calculation of the process by which external incident light is coupled into a quasi-guided mode and is absorbed by the photoluminescent layer corresponds to the calculation of a process opposite to the process by which light emitted from the photoluminescent layer is coupled into a quasi-guided mode and is converted into propagating light output perpendicular to the light-emitting device. Similarly, the electric field distribution of a quasi-guided mode was calculated from the electric field of external incident light.

FIG. 2 shows the results of calculations of the enhancement of light output in the front direction with varying emission wavelengths and varying periods of the periodic structure, where the photoluminescent layer was assumed to have a thickness of 1 μm and a refractive index n_(wav) of 1.8, and the periodic structure was assumed to have a height of 50 nm and a refractive index of 1.5. In these calculations, the periodic structure was assumed to be a one-dimensional periodic structure uniform in the y direction, as shown in FIG. 1A, and the polarization of the light was assumed to be the TM mode, which has an electric field component parallel to the y direction. The results in FIG. 2 show that there are enhancement peaks at certain combinations of wavelength and period. In FIG. 2, the magnitude of the enhancement is expressed by different shades of color; a darker color (e.g. black) indicates a higher enhancement, whereas a lighter color (e.g. white) indicates a lower enhancement.

In the above calculations, the periodic structure was assumed to have a rectangular cross section as shown in FIG. 1B. FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the conditions for m=1 and m=3 in inequality (10). A comparison between FIGS. 2 and 3 shows that the peaks in FIG. 2 are located within the regions corresponding to m=1 and m=3. The intensity is higher for m=1 because first-order diffracted light has a higher diffraction efficiency than third- or higher-order diffracted light. There is no peak for m=2 because of low diffraction efficiency in the periodic structure.

In FIG. 2, lines are observed in each of the regions corresponding to m=1 and m=3 in FIG. 3. This indicates the presence of quasi-guided modes,

4-2. Thickness Dependence

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of calculations of the enhancement of light output in the front direction with varying emission wavelengths and varying thicknesses t of the photoluminescent layer, where the photoluminescent layer was assumed to have a refractive index n_(wav) of 1.8, and the periodic structure was assumed to have a period of 400 nm, a height of 50 nm, and a refractive index of 1.5. FIG. 4 shows that the enhancement of the light peaks at a particular thickness t of the photoluminescent layer.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show the results of calculations of the electric field distributions of a mode to guide light in the x direction for a wavelength of 600 nm and thicknesses t of 238 nm and 539 nm, respectively, at which there are peaks in FIG. 4. For comparison, FIG. 5C shows the results of similar calculations for a thickness t of 300 nm, at which there is no peak. In these calculations, as in the above calculations, the periodic structure was a one-dimensional periodic structure uniform in the y direction. In each figure, a black region indicates a higher electric field intensity, whereas a white region indicates a lower electric field intensity. Whereas the results for t=238 nm and t=539 nm show high electric field intensity, the results for t=300 nm shows low electric field intensity as a whole. This is because there are guided modes for t=238 nm and t=539 nm so that light is strongly confined. Furthermore, regions with the highest electric field intensity (i.e., antinodes) are necessarily present in or directly below the projections, indicating the correlation between the electric field and the periodic structure 120. Thus, the resulting guided mode depends on the arrangement of the periodic structure 120. A comparison between the results for t=238 nm and t=539 nm shows that these modes differ in the number of nodes (white regions) of the electric field in the z direction by one.

4-3. Polarization Dependence

To examine the polarization dependence, the enhancement of light was calculated under the same conditions as in FIG. 2 except that the polarization of the light was assumed to be the TE mode, which has an electric field component perpendicular to the y direction. FIG. 6 shows the results of these calculations. Although the peaks in FIG. 6 differ slightly in position from the peaks for the TM mode (FIG. 2), they are located within the regions shown in FIG. 3. This demonstrates that the structure according to this embodiment is effective for both of the TM mode and the TE mode.

4-4. Two-Dimensional Periodic Structure

The effect of a two-dimensional periodic structure was also studied. FIG. 7A is a partial plan view of a two-dimensional periodic structure 120′ including recesses and projections arranged in both of the x direction and the y direction. In FIG. 7A, the black regions indicate the projections, and the white regions indicate the recesses. For a two-dimensional periodic structure, both of the diffraction in the x direction and the diffraction in the y direction have to be taken into account. Although the diffraction in only the x direction or the y direction is similar to that in a one-dimensional periodic structure; a two-dimensional periodic structure can be expected to give different results from a one-dimensional periodic structure because diffraction also occurs in a direction containing both of an x component and a y component (e.g., a direction inclined at 45 degrees). FIG. 7B shows the results of calculations of the enhancement of light for the two-dimensional periodic structure. The calculations were performed under the same conditions as in FIG. 2 except for the type of periodic structure. As shown in FIG. 7B, peaks matching the peaks for the TE mode in FIG. 6 were observed in addition to peaks matching the peaks for the TM mode in FIG. 2. These results demonstrate that the two-dimensional periodic structure also converts and outputs the TE mode by diffraction. For a two-dimensional periodic structure, the diffraction that simultaneously satisfies the first-order diffraction conditions in both of the x direction and the y direction also has to be taken into account. Such diffracted light is output in the direction at the angle corresponding to √2 times (i.e., 2^(1/2) times) the period p. Thus, peaks will occur at √2 times the period p in addition to peaks that occur in a one-dimensional periodic structure. Such peaks are observed in FIG. 7B.

The two-dimensional periodic structure does not have to be a square grid structure having equal periods in the x direction and the y direction, as shown in FIG. 7A, but may be a hexagonal grid structure, as shown in FIG. 18A, or a triangular grid structure, as shown in FIG. 18B. The two-dimensional periodic structure may have different periods in different directions (e.g., in the x direction and the y direction for a square grid structure).

In this embodiment, as demonstrated above, light in a characteristic quasi-guided mode formed by the periodic structure and the photoluminescent layer can be selectively output only in the front direction through diffraction by the periodic structure. With this structure, the photoluminescent layer can be excited with excitation light such as ultraviolet light or blue light to output directional light,

5. Study on Constructions of Periodic Structure and Photoluminescent Layer

The effects of changes in various conditions such as the constructions and refractive indices of the periodic structure and the photoluminescent layer will now be described.

5-1. Refractive Index of Periodic Structure

The refractive index of the periodic structure was studied. In the calculations performed herein, the photoluminescent layer was assumed to have a thickness of 200 nm and a refractive index n_(wav) of 1.8, the periodic structure was assumed to be a one-dimensional periodic structure uniform in the y direction, as shown in FIG. 1A, having a height of 50 nm and a period of 400 nm, and the polarization of the light was assumed to be the TM mode, which has an electric field component parallel to the y direction. FIG. 8 shows the results of calculations of the enhancement of light output in the front direction with varying emission wavelengths and varying refractive indices of the periodic structure. FIG. 9 shows the results obtained under the same conditions except that the photoluminescent layer was assumed to have a thickness of 1,000 nm.

The results show that a photoluminescent layer with a thickness of 1,000 nm (FIG. 9) results in a smaller shift in the wavelength at which the light intensity peaks (i.e., peak wavelength) with the change in the refractive index of the periodic structure than a photoluminescent layer with a thickness of 200 nm (FIG. 8). This is because the quasi-guided mode is more affected by the refractive index of the periodic structure as the photoluminescent layer is thinner. Specifically, a periodic structure with a higher refractive index increases the effective refractive index and thus shifts the peak wavelength toward longer wavelengths, and this effect is more noticeable as the photoluminescent layer is thinner. The effective refractive index is determined by the refractive index of the medium present in the region where the electric field of the quasi-guided mode is distributed.

The results also show that a periodic structure with a higher refractive index results in a broader peak and a lower intensity. This is because a periodic structure with a higher refractive index outputs light in the quasi-guided mode at a higher rate and is therefore less effective in confining the light, i.e., has a lower Q value. To maintain a high peak intensity, a structure may be employed in which light is moderately output using a quasi-guided mode that is effective in confining the light (i.e., has a high value). This means that it is undesirable to use a periodic structure made of a material having a much higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer Thus, to achieve a high peak intensity and Q value, the periodic structure (i.e., the light-transmissive layer) may be made of a dielectric having a refractive index lower than or similar to that of the photoluminescent layer. This is also true if the photoluminescent layer contains materials other than photoluminescent materials.

5-2. Height of Periodic Structure

The height of the periodic structure was then studied. In the calculations performed herein, the photoluminescent layer was assumed to have a thickness of 1,000 nm and a refractive index n_(wav) of 1.8, the periodic structure was assumed to be a one-dimensional periodic structure uniform in the y direction, as shown in FIG. 1A, having a refractive index n_(p) of 1.5 and a period of 400 nm, and the polarization of the light was assumed to be the TM mode, which has an electric field component parallel to the y direction. FIG. 10 shows the results of calculations of the enhancement of light output in the front direction with varying emission wavelengths and varying heights of the periodic structure. FIG. 11 shows the results of calculations performed under the same conditions except that the periodic structure was assumed to have a refractive index n_(p) of 2.0. Whereas the results in FIG. 10 show that the peak intensity and the Q value (i.e., the peak line width) do not change above a certain height of the periodic structure, the results in FIG. 11 show that the peak intensity and the value decrease with increasing height of the periodic structure. If the refractive index n_(wav) of the photoluminescent layer is higher than the refractive index n_(p) of the periodic structure (FIG. 10), the light is totally reflected, and only a leaking (i.e., evanescent) portion of the electric field of the quasi-guided mode interacts with the periodic structure. If the periodic structure has a sufficiently large height, the influence of the interaction between the evanescent portion of the electric field and the periodic structure remains constant irrespective of the height. In contrast, if the refractive index n_(wav) of the photoluminescent layer is lower than the refractive index n_(p) of the periodic structure (FIG. 11), the light reaches the surface of the periodic structure without being totally reflected and is therefore more influenced by a periodic structure with a larger height. As shown in FIG. 11, a height of about 100 nm is sufficient, and the peak intensity and the value decrease above a height of 150 nm. Thus, if the refractive index n_(wav) of the photoluminescent layer is lower than the refractive index n_(p) of the periodic structure, the periodic structure may have a height of 150 nm or less to achieve a high peak intensity and Q value.

5-3. Polarization Direction

The polarization direction was then studied. FIG. 12 shows the results of calculations performed under the same conditions as in FIG. 9 except that the polarization of the light was assumed to be the TE mode, which has an electric field component perpendicular to the y direction. The TE mode is more influenced by the periodic structure than the TM mode because the electric field of the quasi-guided mode leaks more largely for the TE mode than for the TM mode. Thus, the peak intensity and the value decrease more significantly for the TE mode than for the TM mode if the refractive index n_(p) of the periodic structure is higher than the refractive index n_(wav) of the photoluminescent layer.

5-4. Refractive Index of Photoluminescent Layer

The refractive index of the photoluminescent layer was then studied. FIG. 13 shows the results of calculations performed under the same conditions as in FIG. 9 except that the photoluminescent layer was assumed to have a refractive index n_(wav) of 1.5. The results for the photoluminescent layer having a refractive index n_(wav) of 1.5 are similar to the results in FIG. 9. However, light of a wavelength of 600 nm or more was not output in the front direction. This is because, from inequality (10), λ₀<n_(wav)×p/m=1.5×400 nm/1=600 nm.

The above analysis demonstrates that a high peak intensity and Q value can be achieved if the periodic structure has a refractive index lower than or similar to the refractive index of the photoluminescent layer or if the periodic structure has a higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer and a height of 150 nm or less.

6. Modifications

Modifications of this embodiment will now be described.

6-1. Structure Including Substrate

As described above; the light-emitting device may have a structure in which the photoluminescent layer 110 and the periodic structure 120 are formed on the transparent substrate 140, as shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D. Such a light-emitting device 100 a may be produced by forming a thin film of the photoluminescent material for the photoluminescent layer 110 (optionally containing a matrix material; the same applies hereinafter) on the transparent substrate 140 and then forming the periodic structure 120 thereon. In this structure, the refractive index n_(s) of the transparent substrate 140 has to be lower than or equal to the refractive index n_(wav) of the photoluminescent layer 110 so that the photoluminescent layer 110 and the periodic structure 120 function to output light in a particular direction. If the transparent substrate 140 is provided in contact with the photoluminescent layer 110; the period p has to be set so as to satisfy inequality (15), which is given by replacing the refractive index n_(out) of the output medium in inequality (10) by n_(s).

To demonstrate this, calculations were performed under the same conditions as in FIG. 2 except that the photoluminescent layer 110 and the periodic structure 120 were assumed to be located on a transparent substrate 140 having a refractive index of 1.5. FIG. 14 shows the results of these calculations. As in the results in FIG. 2, light intensity peaks are observed at particular periods for each wavelength; although the ranges of periods where peaks appear differ from those in FIG. 2. FIG. 15 is a graph illustrating the conditions represented by inequality (15), which is given by substituting n_(out)=n_(s) into inequality (10). In FIG. 14, light intensity peaks are observed in the regions corresponding to the ranges shown in FIG. 15.

Thus, for the light-emitting device 100 a, in which the photoluminescent layer 110 and the periodic structure 120 are located on the transparent substrate 140, a period p that satisfies inequality (15) is effective, and a period p that satisfies inequality (13) is significantly effective.

6-2. Light-Emitting Apparatus Including Excitation Light Source

FIG. 16 is a schematic view of an example light-emitting apparatus 200 including the light-emitting device 100 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B and a light source 180 that directs excitation light into the photoluminescent layer 110. In this embodiment, as described above, the photoluminescent layer can be excited with excitation light such as ultraviolet light or blue light to output directional light. The light source 180 can be configured to emit such excitation light to provide a directional light-emitting apparatus 200. Although the wavelength of the excitation light emitted from the light source 180 is typically within the ultraviolet or blue range, it is not necessarily within these ranges, but may be determined depending on the photoluminescent material for the photoluminescent layer 110. Although the light source 180 illustrated in FIG. 16 is configured to direct excitation light into the bottom surface of the photoluminescent layer 110, it may be configured otherwise, for example, to direct excitation light into the top surface of the photoluminescent layer 110. Excitation light may be directed at an angle (i.e., obliquely) with respect to a direction perpendicular to a main surface (the top surface or the bottom surface) of the photoluminescent layer 110. Excitation light directed obliquely so as to be totally reflected in the photoluminescent layer 110 can more efficiently induce light emission.

The excitation light may be coupled into a quasi-guided mode to efficiently output light. This method is illustrated in FIGS. 17A to 17D. In this example, as in the structure shown in FIGS. 10 and 1D, the photoluminescent layer 110 and the periodic structure 120 are formed on the transparent substrate 140. As shown in FIG. 17A, the period p_(x) in the x direction is first determined so as to enhance light emission. As shown in FIG. 17B, the period p_(y) in the y direction is then determined so as to couple the excitation light into a quasi-guided mode. The period p_(x) is determined so as to satisfy the conditions given by replacing p in inequality (10) by p_(x). The period p_(y) is determined so as to satisfy inequality (16): where m is an integer of 1 or more, λ_(ex) is the wavelength of the excitation light, and n_(out) is the refractive index of the medium having the highest refractive index of the media in contact with the photoluminescent layer 110 except the periodic structure 120,

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{m\; \lambda_{ex}}{n_{wav}} < p_{y} < \frac{m\; \lambda_{ex}}{n_{out}}} & (16) \end{matrix}$

In the example in FIG. 17B, N_(out) is the refractive index n_(s) of the transparent substrate 140. For a structure including no transparent substrate 140, as illustrated in FIG. 16, N_(out) is the refractive index of air (i.e., about 1.0),

In particular, the excitation light can be more effectively converted into a quasi-guided mode if m=1, i.e., if the period p_(y) is determined so as to satisfy inequality (17):

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{\lambda_{ex}}{n_{wav}} < p_{y} < \frac{\lambda_{ex}}{n_{out}}} & (17) \end{matrix}$

Thus, the excitation light can be converted into a quasi-guided mode if the period p_(y) is set so as to satisfy the conditions represented by inequality (16) (particularly, the conditions represented by inequality (17)). As a result, the photoluminescent layer 110 can efficiently absorb the excitation light of the wavelength λ_(ex).

FIGS. 17C and 17D are the results of calculations of the proportion of absorbed light to light incident on the structures shown in FIGS. 17A and 17B, respectively, for each wavelength. In these calculations, p_(x)=365 nm, p_(y)=265 nm, the photoluminescent layer 110 was assumed to have an emission wavelength λ of about 600 nm, the excitation light was assumed to have a wavelength λ_(ex) of about 450 nm, and the photoluminescent layer 110 was assumed to have an extinction coefficient of 0.003. As shown in FIG. 17D, the photoluminescent layer 110 has high absorptivity not only for the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer 110, but also for the excitation light, i.e., light of a wavelength of about 450 nm. This indicates that the incident light is effectively converted into a quasi-guided mode to increase the proportion of the light absorbed into the photoluminescent layer 110. The photoluminescent layer 110 also has high absorptivity for the emission wavelength, i.e., about 600 nm. This indicates that light of a wavelength of about 600 nm incident on this structure is similarly effectively converted into a quasi-guided mode. The periodic structure 120 shown in FIG. 17B is a two-dimensional periodic structure including structures having different periods (i.e., different periodic components) in the x direction and the y direction. Such a two-dimensional periodic structure including periodic components allows for high excitation efficiency and high output intensity. Although the excitation light is incident on the transparent substrate 140 in FIGS. 17A and 17B, the same effect can be achieved if the excitation light is incident on the periodic structure 120.

Also available are two-dimensional periodic structures including periodic components as shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B. The structure shown in FIG. 18A includes periodically arranged projections or recesses having a hexagonal planar shape. The structure shown in FIG. 18B includes periodically arranged projections or recesses having a triangular planar shape. These structures have major axes (axes 1 to 3 in the examples in FIGS. 18A and 18B) that can be assumed to be periods. Thus, different periods can be assigned to different axial directions. These periods may be set so as to increase the directionality of light of different wavelengths or to efficiently absorb the excitation light. In any case, each period is set so as to satisfy the conditions corresponding to inequality (10).

6-3. Periodic Structure on Transparent Substrate

As shown in FIGS. 19A and 19B, a periodic structure 120 a may be formed on the transparent substrate 140, and the photoluminescent layer 110 may be located thereon. In the example in FIG. 19A, the photoluminescent layer 110 is formed along the texture of the periodic structure 120 a on the transparent substrate 140. As a result, a periodic structure 120 b with the same period is formed in the surface of the photoluminescent layer 110. In the example in FIG. 19B, the surface of the photoluminescent layer 110 is planarized. In these examples, directional light emission can be achieved by setting the period p of the periodic structure 120 a so as to satisfy inequality (15).

To verify the effect of these structures, the enhancement of light output from the structure in FIG. 19A in the front direction was calculated with varying emission wavelengths and varying periods of the periodic structure. In these calculations, the photoluminescent layer 110 was assumed to have a thickness of 1,000 nm and a refractive index n_(wav) of 1.8, the periodic structure 120 a was assumed to be a one-dimensional periodic structure uniform in the y direction having a height of 50 nm, a refractive index n_(p) of 1.5, and a period of 400 nm, and the polarization of the light was assumed to be the TM mode, which has an electric field component parallel to the y direction. FIG. 190 shows the results of these calculations. In these calculations, light intensity peaks were observed at the periods that satisfy the conditions represented by inequality (15).

6-4. Powder

According to the above embodiment, light of any wavelength can be enhanced by adjusting the period of the periodic structure and the thickness of the photoluminescent layer. For example, if the structure shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B is formed using a photoluminescent material that emits light over a wide wavelength range, only light of a certain wavelength can be enhanced. Accordingly, the structure of the light-emitting device 100 as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B may be provided in powder form for use as a fluorescent material. Alternatively, the light-emitting device 100 as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B may be embedded in resin or glass.

The single structure as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B can output only light of a certain wavelength in a particular direction and is therefore not suitable for outputting, for example, white light, which has a wide wavelength spectrum. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 20, light-emitting devices 100 that differ in the conditions such as the period of the periodic structure and the thickness of the photoluminescent layer may be mixed in powder form to provide a light-emitting apparatus with a wide wavelength spectrum. In this case, the individual light-emitting devices 100 have sizes of, for example, several micrometers to several millimeters in one direction and can include, for example, one- or two-dimensional periodic structures with several periods to several hundreds of periods.

6-5. Array of Structures with Different Periods

FIG. 21 is a plan view of an example two-dimensional array of periodic structures having different periods on the photoluminescent layer. In this example, three types of periodic structures 120 a, 120 b, and 120 c are arranged without any space therebetween. The periods of the periodic structures 120 a, 120 b, and 120 c are set so as to output, for example, light in the red, green, and blue wavelength ranges, respectively, in the front direction. Thus, structures having different periods can be arranged on the photoluminescent layer to output directional light with a wide wavelength spectrum. The periodic structures are not necessarily configured as described above, but may be configured in any manner,

6-6. Layered Structure

FIG. 22 shows an example light-emitting device having a layered structure including photoluminescent layers 110 having a texture formed thereon and transparent substrates 140 between the photoluminescent layers 110. The texture formed on the photoluminescent layer 110 in each layer corresponds to a periodic structure or a submicron structure. The example in FIG. 22 includes three periodic structures having different periods. The periods of these periodic structures are set so as to output light in the red, green, and blue wavelength ranges in the front direction. The photoluminescent layer 110 in each layer is made of a material that emits light of the color corresponding to the period of the periodic structure in that layer. Thus, periodic structures having different periods can be stacked on top of each other to output directional light with a wide wavelength spectrum.

The number of layers and the constructions of the photoluminescent layer 110 and the periodic structure in each layer are not limited to those described above, but may be selected as appropriate. For example, for a structure including two layers, first and second photoluminescent layers are formed opposite each other with a light-transmissive substrate therebetween, and first and second periodic structures are formed on the surfaces of the first and second photoluminescent layers, respectively. In this case, the first photoluminescent layer and the first periodic structure may together satisfy the conditions corresponding to inequality (15), whereas the second photoluminescent layer and the second periodic structure may together satisfy the conditions corresponding to inequality (15). For a structure including three or more layers, the photoluminescent layer and the periodic structure in each layer may satisfy the conditions corresponding to inequality (15). The positional relationship between the photoluminescent layers and the periodic structures in FIG. 22 may be reversed. Although the layers illustrated by the example in FIG. 22 have different periods, they may all have the same period. In this case, although the spectrum cannot be broadened, the emission intensity can be increased.

6-7. Structure Including Protective Layer

FIG. 23 is a sectional view of an example structure including a protective layer 150 between the photoluminescent layer 110 and the periodic structure 120. The protective layer 150 may be provided to protect the photoluminescent layer 110. However, if the protective layer 150 has a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110, the electric field of the light leaks into the protective layer 150 only by about half the wavelength. Thus, if the protective layer 150 is thicker than the wavelength, no light reaches the periodic structure 120. As a result, there is no quasi-guided mode, and the function of outputting light in a particular direction cannot be achieved. If the protective layer 150 has a refractive index higher than or similar to that of the photoluminescent layer 110, the light reaches the interior of the protective layer 150; therefore, there is no limitation on the thickness of the protective layer 150. Nevertheless; a thinner protective layer 150 is desirable because more light is output if most of the portion in which light is guided (this portion is hereinafter referred to as “waveguide layer”) is made of a photoluminescent material. The protective layer 150 may be made of the same material as the periodic structure (light-transmissive layer) 120. In this case, the light-transmissive layer 120 having the periodic structure functions as a protective layer. The light-transmissive layer 120 desirably has a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110.

7. Materials

Directional light emission can be achieved if the photoluminescent layer (or waveguide layer) and the periodic structure are made of materials that satisfy the above conditions. The periodic structure may be made of any material. However, a photoluminescent layer (or waveguide layer) or a periodic structure made of a medium with high light absorption is less effective in confining light and therefore results in a lower peak intensity and Q value. Thus, the photoluminescent layer (or waveguide layer) and the periodic structure may be made of media with relatively low light absorption,

For example; the periodic structure may be made of a dielectric with low light absorption. Examples of candidate materials for the periodic structure include magnesium fluoride (MgF₂), lithium fluoride (LiF), calcium fluoride (CaF₂); quartz (SiO₂), glasses; resins; magnesium oxide (MgO), indium tin oxide (ITO); titanium oxide (TiO₂), silicon nitride (SiN), tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅), zirconia (ZrO₂), zinc selenide (ZnSe), and zinc sulfide (ZnS). To form a periodic structure having a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer, as described above, MgF₂, LiF, CaF₂, SiO₂, glasses, and resins are desirably used, which have refractive indices of about 1.3 to 1.5.

The term “photoluminescent material” encompasses fluorescent materials and phosphorescent materials in a narrow sense, encompasses inorganic materials and organic materials (e.g., dyes), and encompasses quantum dots (i.e., tiny semiconductor particles). In general, a fluorescent material containing an inorganic host material tends to have a higher refractive index. Examples of fluorescent materials that emit blue light include M₁₀(PO₄)₆Cl₂:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba, Sr, and Ca), BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu²⁺, M₃MgSi₂O₈:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba, Sr; and Ca), and M₅SiO₄Cl₆:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba, Sr, and Ca). Examples of fluorescent materials that emit green light include M₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba, Sr, and Ca), SrSi₅AlO₂N₇:Eu²⁺, SrSi₂O₂N₂:Eu²⁺, BaAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺, BaZrSi₃O₉:Eu²⁺, M₂SiO₄:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba, Sr, and Ca), BaSi₃O₄N₂:Eu²⁺, Ca₈Mg(SiO₄)₄Cl₂:Eu²⁺, Ca₃SiO₄Cl₂:Eu²⁺, CaSi_(12−(m+n))Al_((m+n))O_(n)N_(16-n):Ce³⁺, and β-SiAlON:Eu²⁺. Examples of fluorescent materials that emit red light include CaAlSiN₃:Eu²⁺, SrAlSi₄O₇:Eu²⁺, M₂Si₅N₈:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba; Sr; and Ca), MSiN₂:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba, Sr, and Ca), MSi₂O₂N₂:Yb²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Sr and Ca), Y₂O₂S:Eu³⁺, Sm³⁺, La₂O₂S:Eu³⁺, Sm³⁺; CaWO₄:Li¹⁺, Eu³⁺, Sm³⁺; M₂SiS₄:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba; Sr; and Ca), and M₃SiO₅:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba, Sr; and Ca). Examples of fluorescent materials that emit yellow light include Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce³⁺, CaSi₂O₂N₂:Eu²⁺, Ca₃Sc₂Si₃O₁₂:Ce³⁺, CaSc₂O₄:Ce³⁺, α-SiAlON:Eu²⁺, MSi₂O₂N₂:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba, Sr, and Ca), and M₇(SiO₃)₆Cl₂:Eu²⁺ (where M is at least one element selected from Ba, Sr; and Ca).

Examples of quantum dots include materials such as CdS; CdSe, core shell CdSe/ZnS, and alloy CdSSe/ZnS. Light of various wavelengths can be emitted depending on the material. Examples of matrices for quantum dots include glasses and resins.

The transparent substrate 140, as shown in, for example, FIGS. 1C and 1D, is made of a light-transmissive material having a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110. Examples of such materials include MgF₂, LiF, CaF₂, SiO₂, glasses, and resins. In structures in which excitation light enters the photoluminescent layer 110 without passing through the substrate 140, the substrate 140 is not necessarily transparent. For example, the substrate 140 may be formed of BaF₂, SrF₂, MgO, MgAl₂O₄, sapphire (Al₂O₃), SrTiO₃, LaAlO₃, TiO₂, Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂, LaSrAlO₄, LaSrGaO₄, LaTaO₃, SrO, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ZrO₂.Y₂O₃, yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG), or Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂.

8. Method of Manufacture

Example methods of manufacture will now be described.

An example method for manufacturing the structure shown in FIGS. 10 and 10 includes depositing a thin film of fluorescent material on the transparent substrate 140 by a process such as evaporation, sputtering, or coating to form the photoluminescent layer 110 and then depositing a dielectric and patterning it by a process such as photolithography to form the periodic structure 120. Alternatively, the periodic structure 120 may be formed by nanoimprinting. As shown in FIG. 24, the periodic structure 120 may also be formed by partially processing the photoluminescent layer 110. In this case, the periodic structure 120 is made of the same material as the photoluminescent layer 110.

The light-emitting device 100 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B can be manufactured, for example, by fabricating the light-emitting device 100 a shown in FIGS. 10 and 10 and then stripping the photoluminescent layer 110 and the periodic structure 120 from the substrate 140.

The structure shown in FIG. 19A can be manufactured, for example, by forming the periodic structure 120 a on the transparent substrate 140 by a process such as a semiconductor process or nanoimprinting and then depositing thereon the material for the photoluminescent layer 110 by a process such as evaporation or sputtering. The structure shown in FIG. 19B can be manufactured by filling the recesses in the periodic structure 120 a with the photoluminescent layer 110 by a process such as coating.

The above methods of manufacture are for illustrative purposes only, and the light-emitting devices according to the embodiments of the present disclosure may be manufactured by other methods.

9. Experimental Examples

Light-emitting devices according to embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated by the following examples.

A sample light-emitting device having the structure as illustrated in FIG. 19A was prepared and evaluated for its properties. The light-emitting device was prepared as described below.

A one-dimensional periodic structure (stripe-shaped projections) having a period of 400 nm and a height of 40 nm was formed on a glass substrate, and a photoluminescent material, i.e., YAG:Ce, was deposited thereon to a thickness of 210 nm. FIG. 25 shows a cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the resulting light-emitting device. FIG. 26 shows the results of measurements of the spectrum of light emitted from the light-emitting device in the front direction when YAG:Ce was excited with an LED having an emission wavelength of 450 nm. FIG. 26 shows the results (ref) for a light-emitting device including no periodic structure, the results for the TM mode, and the results for the TE mode. The TM mode has a polarization component parallel to the one-dimensional periodic structure. The TE mode has a polarization component perpendicular to the one-dimensional periodic structure. The results show that the intensity of light of a particular wavelength in the case with the periodic structure is significantly higher than without a periodic structure. The results also show that the light enhancement effect is greater for the TM mode, which has a polarization component parallel to the one-dimensional periodic structure.

FIGS. 27A to 27F and FIGS. 28A to 28F show the results of measurements and calculations of the angular dependence of the intensity of light output from the same sample. FIG. 27A illustrates a light-emitting device that can emit linearly polarized light of the TM mode, rotated about an axis parallel to the line direction of the one-dimensional periodic structure 120. FIGS. 27B and 27C show the results of measurements and calculations for the rotation. FIG. 27D illustrates a light-emitting device that can emit linearly polarized light of the TE mode, rotated about an axis parallel to the line direction of the one-dimensional periodic structure 120. FIGS. 27E and 27F show the results of measurements and calculations for the rotation. FIG. 28A illustrates a light-emitting device that can emit linearly polarized light of the TE mode, rotated about an axis perpendicular to the line direction of the one-dimensional periodic structure 120. FIGS. 28B and 28C show the results of measurements and calculations for the rotation, FIG. 28D illustrates a light-emitting device that can emit linearly polarized light of the TM mode, rotated about an axis perpendicular to the line direction of the one-dimensional periodic structure 120. FIGS. 28E and 28F show the results of measurements and calculations for the rotation. As can be seen from FIGS. 27A to 27F and FIGS. 28A to 28F, the enhancement effect is greater for the TM mode, and the enhanced wavelength shifts with angle. For example, light of a wavelength of 610 nm is observed only in the TM mode and in the front direction, indicating that the light is directional and polarized. Furthermore, the results of measurements and the results of calculations match each other in FIGS. 27B and 27C, FIGS. 27E and 27F. FIGS. 28B and 28C, or FIGS. 28E and 28F, Thus, the validity of the above calculations was experimentally demonstrated,

FIG. 29 shows the angular dependence of the intensity of light of a wavelength of 610 nm for rotation about an axis perpendicular to the line direction, as illustrated in FIG. 28D. As shown in FIG. 29, the light was significantly enhanced in the front direction and was little enhanced at other angles. The directional angle of the light output in the front direction is less than 15 degrees. The directional angle is the angle at which the intensity is 50% of the maximum intensity and is expressed as the angle of one side with respect to the direction with the maximum intensity. The results shown in FIG. 29 demonstrates that directional light emission was achieved. In addition, all the light was the TM mode, which demonstrates that polarized light emission was simultaneously achieved.

Although YAG:Ce, which emits light in a wide wavelength range, was used in the above experiment, directional and polarized light emission can also be achieved using a similar structure including a photoluminescent material that emits light in a narrow wavelength range. Such a photoluminescent material does not emit light of other wavelengths and can therefore be used to provide a light source that does not emit light in other directions or in other polarized states.

10. Other Modifications

Other modifications of a light-emitting device and a light-emitting apparatus according to the present disclosure will be described below,

As described above, the wavelength and output direction of light under the light enhancement effect depend on the submicron structure of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure. FIG. 31 illustrates a light-emitting device having a periodic structure 120 on a photoluminescent layer 110. The periodic structure 120 is formed of the same material as the photoluminescent layer 110 and is the same as the one-dimensional periodic structure 120 illustrated in FIG. 1A. Light under the light enhancement effect of the one-dimensional periodic structure 120 satisfies p×n_(wav)×sin θ_(wav)−p×n_(out)×sin θ_(out)=mλ (see equation (5)), where p (nm) is the period of the one-dimensional periodic structure 120, n is the refractive index of the photoluminescent layer 110, N_(out) is the refractive index of an outer medium to which the light is output, θ_(wav) is the incident angle on the one-dimensional periodic structure 120, and N_(out) is the angle at which the light is output from one-dimensional periodic structure 120 to the outer medium. λ is the light wavelength in air, and m is an integer.

The equation can be transformed into θ_(out)=arc sin [(n_(wav)×sin θ_(wav)−mλ/p)/n_(out)]. Thus, in general, the output angle θ_(out) of light under the light enhancement effect varies with the wavelength λ. Consequently, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 31, the color of visible light varies with the observation direction.

This visual angle dependency can be reduced by determining n_(wav) and n_(out) so as to make (n_(wav)×sin θ_(wav)−mλ/p)/n_(out) constant for any wavelength λ. The refractive indexes of substances have wavelength dispersion (i.e. wavelength dependence). Thus, a material to be selected should have the wavelength dispersion characteristics of n_(wav) and n_(out) such that (n_(wav)×sin θ_(wav)−mλ/p)/n_(out) is independent of the wavelength λ. For example, if the outer medium is air, n_(out) is approximately 1.0 irrespective of the wavelength. Thus, it is desirable that the material of the photoluminescent layer 110 and the one-dimensional periodic structure 120 be a material having narrow wavelength dispersion of the refractive index n_(wav). It is also desirable that the material have reciprocal dispersion, and the refractive index n_(wav) decrease with decreasing wavelength of light.

As illustrated in FIG. 32A, an array of periodic structures having different wavelengths at which the light enhancement effect is produced can emit white light. In FIG. 32A, a periodic structure 120 r that can enhance red light (R), a periodic structure 120 g that can enhance green light (G), and a periodic structure 120 b that can enhance blue light (13) are arranged in a matrix. Each of the periodic structures 120 r, 120 g, and 120 b may be a one-dimensional periodic structure. The projections of the periodic structures 120 r, 120 g, and 120 b are arranged in parallel. Thus, the red light, green light, and blue light have the same polarization characteristics. Light beams of three primary colors emitted from the periodic structures 120 r, 120 g, and 120 b under the light enhancement effect are mixed to produce linearly polarized white light.

Each of the periodic structures 120 r, 120 g, and 120 b arranged in a matrix is referred to as a unit periodic structure (or pixel). The size (e.g. the length of one side) of the unit periodic structure may be at least three times the period. It is desirable that the unit periodic structures be not perceived by the human eye in order to produce the color mixing effect. For example, it is desirable that the length of one side be less than 1 mm. Although each of the unit periodic structures is square in FIG. 32A, adjacent periodic structures 120 r, 120 g, and 120 b may be in the shape other than square, such as rectangular, triangular, or hexagonal.

A photoluminescent layer under each of the periodic structures 120 r, 120 g, and 120 b may be the same or may be formed of different photoluminescent materials corresponding to each color of light.

As illustrated in FIG. 32B, the projections of the one-dimensional periodic structures (including periodic structures 120 h, 120 i, and 120 j) may extend in different directions. Light emitted from each of the periodic structures under the light enhancement effect may have the same wavelength or different wavelengths. For example, the same periodic structures arranged as illustrated in FIG. 32B can produce unpolarized light. The periodic structures 120 r, 120 g, and 120 b in FIG. 32A arranged as illustrated in FIG. 32B can produce unpolarized white light as a whole.

As a matter of course, the periodic structures are not limited to one-dimensional periodic structures and may be an array of two-dimensional periodic structures (including periodic structures 120 k, 120 m, and 120 n), as illustrated in FIG. 320. The period and direction of each of the periodic structures 120 k, 120 m, and 120 n may be the same or different, as described above, and may be appropriately determined as required.

As illustrated in FIG. 33, for example, an array of microlenses 130 may be disposed on a light output side of a light-emitting device. The array of microlenses 130 can refract oblique light in the normal direction and produce the color mixing effect,

The light-emitting device illustrated in FIG. 33 includes regions R1, R2, and R3, which include the periodic structures 120 r, 120 g, and 120 b, respectively, illustrated in FIG. 32A, In the region R1, the periodic structure 120 r outputs red light R in the normal direction and, for example, outputs green light G in an oblique direction. The microlens 130 refracts the oblique green light G in the normal direction. Consequently, a mixture of the red light R and the green light G is observed in the normal direction. Thus, the microlenses 130 can reduce the difference in light wavelength depending on the angle. Although the microlens array including microlenses corresponding to the periodic structures is described here, another microlens array is also possible. As a matter of course, periodic structures to be tiled are not limited to those described above and may be the same periodic structures or the structures illustrated in FIG. 32B or 32C.

Lenticular lenses may also be used as optical elements for refracting oblique light instead of the microlens array. In addition to lenses, prisms may also be used. A prism array may also be used. A prism corresponding to each periodic structure may be arranged. Prisms of any shape may be used. For example, triangular prisms or pyramidal prisms may be used.

White light (or light having a broad spectral width) may be produced by using the periodic structure described above or a photoluminescent layer as illustrated in FIG. 34A or 34B. As illustrated in FIG. 34A, photoluminescent layers 110 b, 110 g, and 110 r having different emission wavelengths may be stacked to produce white light. The stacking sequence is not limited to that illustrated in FIG. 34A. As illustrated in FIG. 34B, a photoluminescent layer 110 y that emits yellow light may be disposed on a photoluminescent layer 110 b that emits blue light. The photoluminescent layer 110 y may be formed of YAG.

When photoluminescent materials, such as fluorescent dyes, to be mixed with a matrix (i.e. host) material are used, photoluminescent materials having different emission wavelengths may be mixed with the matrix material to emit white light from a single photoluminescent layer. Such a photoluminescent layer that can emit white light may be used in tiled unit periodic structures as illustrated in FIGS. 32A to 32C.

When an inorganic material (e.g., YAG) is used as a material of the photoluminescent layer 110, the inorganic material may be subjected to heat treatment at more than 1000° C. in the production process. During the production process, impurities may diffuse from an underlayer (typically, a substrate) and affect the light-emitting properties of the photoluminescent layer 110. In order to prevent impurities from diffusing into the photoluminescent layer 110, a diffusion-barrier layer (i.e. barrier layer) 108 may be disposed under the photoluminescent layer 110, as illustrated in FIGS. 35A to 35D. As illustrated in FIGS. 35A to 35D, the diffusion-barrier layer 108 is disposed under the photoluminescent layer 110 in the structures described above.

For example, as illustrated in FIG. 35A, the diffusion-barrier layer 108 is disposed between a substrate 140 and the photoluminescent layer 110, As illustrated in FIG. 35B, when there are photoluminescent layers 110 a and 110 b, diffusion-barrier layers 108 a and 108 b are disposed under the photoluminescent layers 110 a and 110 b, respectively.

When the substrate 140 has a higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110, a low-refractive-index layer 107 may be formed on the substrate 140, as illustrated in FIGS. 350 and 35D. When the low-refractive-index layer 107 is disposed on the substrate 140, as illustrated in FIG. 35C, the diffusion-barrier layer 108 is formed between the low-refractive-index layer 107 and the photoluminescent layer 110. As illustrated in FIG. 35D, when there are photoluminescent layers 110 a and 110 b, diffusion-barrier layers 108 a and 108 b are disposed under the photoluminescent layers 110 a and 110 b, respectively.

The low-refractive-index layer 107 is formed if the substrate 140 has a refractive index greater than or equal to the refractive index of the photoluminescent layer 110. The low-refractive-index layer 107 has a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110. The low-refractive-index layer 107 may be formed of MgF₂, CaF₂, BaF₂, SrF₂, quartz, a resin, or room-temperature curing glass, such as hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) spin-on glass (SOG), It is desirable that the thickness of the low-refractive-index layer 107 be greater than the light wavelength. For example, the substrate 140 may be formed of MgF₂, LiF, CaF₂, BaF₂, SrF₂, glass, a resin, MgO, MgAl₂O₄, sapphire (Al₂O₃), SrTiO₃, LaAlO₃, TiO₂, Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂, LaSrAlO₄, LaSrGaO₄, LaTaO₃, SrO. YSZ (ZrO₂.Y₂O₃), YAG, or Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂.

It is desirable that the diffusion-barrier layers 108, 108 a, and 108 b be selected in a manner that depends on the type of element to be prevented from diffusion. For example, the diffusion-barrier layers 108, 108 a, and 108 b may be formed of strongly covalent oxide crystals or nitride crystals. The diffusion-barrier layers 108, 108 a, and 108 b may have a thickness of 50 nm or less.

In structures that include a layer adjacent to the photoluminescent layer 110, such as the diffusion-barrier layer 108 or a crystal growth layer 106 described later, if the adjacent layer has a higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110, the refractive index n_(wav) is the average refractive index of the layer having the higher refractive index and the photoluminescent layer 110 weighted by their respective volume fractions. This is optically equivalent to a photoluminescent layer composed of layers of different materials.

When the photoluminescent layer 110 is formed of an inorganic material, the photoluminescent layer 110 may have poor light-emitting properties due to low crystallinity of the inorganic material. In order to increase the crystallinity of the inorganic material of the photoluminescent layer 110, a crystal growth layer (hereinafter also referred to as a “seed layer”) 106 may be formed under the photoluminescent layer 110, as illustrated in FIG. 36A. The material of the crystal growth layer 106 is lattice-matched to the crystals of the overlying photoluminescent layer 110. It is desirable that the lattice matching be within ±5%. If the substrate 140 has a higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110, it is desirable that the crystal growth layer 106 or 106 a have a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110.

If the substrate 140 has a higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110, a low-refractive-index layer 107 may be formed on the substrate 140, as illustrated in FIG. 36B, In this case, because the crystal growth layer 106 is in contact with the photoluminescent layer 110, the crystal growth layer 106 is formed on the low-refractive-index layer 107, which is disposed on the substrate 140. In structures that include photoluminescent layers 110 a and 110 b, as illustrated in FIG. 36C, it is desirable that crystal growth layers 106 a and 106 b be formed on the photoluminescent layer 110 a and 110 b, respectively. Each of the crystal growth layers 106, 106 a, and 106 b may have a thickness of 50 nm or less,

As illustrated in FIGS. 37A and 37B, a surface protective layer 132 may be formed to protect the periodic structure 120.

The surface protective layer 132 may be formed in a light-emitting device with or without the substrate 140, as illustrated in FIGS. 37A and 37B. In the light-emitting device without the substrate as illustrated in FIG. 37A, a surface protective layer may be formed under the photoluminescent layer 110. The surface protective layer 132 may be formed on any surface of the light-emitting devices. The periodic structure 120 is not limited to those illustrated in FIGS. 37A and 37B and may be of any of the types described above.

The surface protective layer 132 may be formed of a resin, a hard coat material, SiO₂, alumina (Al₂O₃), silicon oxycarbide (SiOC), or diamond-like carbon (DLC). The surface protective layer 132 may have a thickness in the range of 100 nm to 10 μm.

The surface protective layer 132 can protect the light-emitting device from the external environment and suppress the degradation of the light-emitting device. The surface protective layer 132 can protect the surface of the light-emitting device from scratches, water, oxygen, acids, alkalis, or heat. The material and thickness of the surface protective layer 132 may be appropriately determined for each use.

Photoluminescent materials sometimes deteriorate due to heat. Heat is mostly generated by the nonradiative loss or Stokes loss of the photoluminescent layer 110. For example, the thermal conductivity of quartz (1.6 W/m·K) is lower by an order of magnitude than the thermal conductivity of YAG (11.4 W/m·K). Thus, heat generated by the photoluminescent layer (e.g., a YAG layer) 110 is not fully dissipated via the substrate (e.g., a quartz substrate) 140 and increases the temperature of the photoluminescent layer 110, thereby possibly causing thermal degradation.

As illustrated in FIG. 38A, a transparent thermally conductive layer 105 between the photoluminescent layer 110 and the substrate 140 can efficiently dissipate heat of the photoluminescent layer 110 and prevent temperature rise. It is desirable that the transparent thermally conductive layer 105 have a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110. If the substrate 140 has a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110, the transparent thermally conductive layer 105 may have a higher refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110. In such a case, the transparent thermally conductive layer 105, together with the photoluminescent layer 110, forms a waveguide layer, and therefore desirably has a thickness of 50 nm or less. As illustrated in FIG. 38B, in the presence of a low-refractive-index layer 107 between the photoluminescent layer 110 and the transparent thermally conductive layer 105, a thick transparent thermally conductive layer 105 may be used.

As illustrated in FIG. 380, the periodic structure 120 may be covered with a low-refractive-index layer 107 having high thermal conductivity. As illustrated in FIG. 38D, a transparent thermally conductive layer 105 may be formed on the low-refractive-index layer 107 covering the periodic structure 120. The low-refractive-index layer 107 does not necessarily have high thermal conductivity.

The material of the transparent thermally conductive layer 105 may be Al₂O₃, MgO, Si₃N₄, ZnO, AlN, Y₂O₃, diamond, graphene, CaF₂, or BaF₂. Among these, CaF₂ and BaF₂ can be used for the low-refractive-index layer 107 due to their low refractive indexes.

A light-emitting apparatus that includes a light-emitting device 100 and a light source 180 and has high heat dissipation characteristics will be described below with reference to FIGS. 39A to 39D.

A light-emitting apparatus illustrated in FIG. 39A includes an LED chip 180 as a light source 180 and alight-emitting device 100. The light-emitting device 100 may be of any of the types described above. The LED chip 180 is disposed on a supporting substrate 190. The light-emitting device 100 is separated from the LED chip 180 by a predetermined distance. The light-emitting device 100 emits light in response to excitation light emitted from the LED chip 180, The LED chip 180 and the light-emitting device 100 on the supporting substrate 190 are covered with a sealing component 142.

The sealing component 142 has high thermal conductivity and is transparent to light. The material of the sealing component 142 (hereinafter also referred to as a “sealing material”) may be a composite material containing a thermally conductive filler and a resin material. The thermally conductive filler may be Al₂O₃, ZnO, Y₂O₃, graphene, or AlN, The resin material may be an epoxy resin or a silicone resin. In particular, the sealing material may be a nanocomposite material containing a thermally conductive filler of a nanometer size (i.e., a submicron size). Use of the nanocomposite material can suppress the diffuse reflection (or scattering) of light. The nanocomposite material may contain ZnO or Al₂O₃ as filler and an epoxy resin or a silicone resin.

If the light-emitting device 100 is of a type in which the periodic structure is exposed at the surface, as illustrated in FIG. 39A, it is desirable that the refractive index of a medium around the periodic structure be lower than the refractive index of the periodic structure. If the periodic structure is formed of a light-transmissive layer, it is desirable that the sealing component 142 have a lower refractive index than the light-transmissive layer. If the periodic structure is formed of the same material as a photoluminescent layer, it is desirable that the sealing component 142 have a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer.

As illustrated in FIG. 39B, the sealing component 142 may be formed such that the vicinity of the surface (e.g., a light-transmissive layer having a periodic structure or a photoluminescent layer) of the light-emitting device 100 is exposed. In this case, the sealing component 142 may have any refractive index.

If the light-emitting device 100 is of a type in which the periodic structure is covered with a low-refractive-index layer 107 (see FIG. 38C), as illustrated in FIG. 39C, the sealing component 142 may have a higher refractive index than the periodic structure. Such a structure can offer a wide selection of the material of the sealing component 142.

As illustrated in FIG. 390, the periphery of the light-emitting device 100 may be fixed to a thermally conductive holder 152. The holder 152 may be made of a metal. For example, this structure is desired if the sealing material cannot be placed between the light-emitting device 100 and a light source as in the case where a laser diode 182 is used as a light source. For example, the light-emitting devices 100 as illustrated in FIGS. 38A to 38D, which include the transparent thermally conductive layer 105 or the thermally conductive low-refractive-index layer 107 and therefore have high in-plane thermal conductivity, can effectively dissipate heat via the holder 152.

As illustrated in FIGS. 40A to 400, a thermally conductive member 144 or 146 may be disposed on a surface of the light-emitting device 100. The thermally conductive member 144 or 146 may be made of a metal.

For example, as illustrated in a cross-sectional view of FIG. 40A and a plan view of FIG. 40B, the thermally conductive member 144 may partly cover a periodic structure 120 of a light-emitting device 100. Although the thermally conductive member 144 covers only one linear projection of a one-dimensional periodic structure in FIGS. 40A and 40B, the present disclosure is not limited to this,

As illustrated in a cross-sectional view of FIG. 40C and a plan view of FIG. 40D, the thermally conductive member 146 may cover projections at each end of the periodic structure 120 of the light-emitting device 100 and cover end surfaces of a photoluminescent layer 110. In both cases, an increase in the area of the periodic structure and the photoluminescent layer covered with the thermally conductive member 146 may affect the characteristics of the light-emitting device 100. Thus, the area of the thermally conductive member 146 on a surface of the light-emitting device 100 should be minimized.

As illustrated in a cross-sectional view of FIG. 41A and a plan view of FIG. 41B, in tiled light-emitting devices 100 r, 100 g, and 100 b having different structures, a thermally conductive member 148 may be disposed between adjacent light-emitting devices so as to cover end portions of the light-emitting devices. For example, as illustrated in these figures, in an array of a light-emitting device 100 r that enhances red light, 100 g that enhances green light, and 100 b that enhances blue light, a thermally conductive member 148 made of a metal between adjacent light-emitting devices can prevent color mixing due to the light-shielding effect of the thermally conductive member 148. Thus, the thermally conductive member 148 may be used as a black matrix in display panels,

FIGS. 42A and 42B illustrate a light-emitting apparatus including an interlock circuit 185, FIG. 42A is a schematic view of the back side of the light-emitting device 100. FIG. 42B is a schematic view of the light-emitting apparatus, including a cross-sectional view of the light-emitting device 100. As illustrated in FIGS. 42A and 42B, a closed electric wire 172 is disposed on the back side of a substrate 140 of a light-emitting device 100. The closed electric wire 172 is disposed along the periphery of the back side of the light-emitting device 100 and is configured to break when the substrate 140 is broken. The closed electric wire 172 may be made of a metallic material. Two terminals of the closed electric wire 172 are electrically connected to a relay circuit of the interlock circuit 185. When the closed electric wire 172 is broken, the relay circuit will stop supplying an electric power to a light source 182. In particular, in the case that the light source 182 emits high-intensity light as in laser diodes, it is desirable to provide the interlock circuit 185 from a safety standpoint.

The submicron structures of the light-emitting devices according to these embodiments may be periodic structures and may be formed by photolithography or nanoprinting. Other methods for forming a submicron structure will be described below with reference to FIGS. 43A to 43F.

As illustrated in FIG. 43A, beads 122 are disposed on a surface of a photoluminescent layer 110 supported by a substrate 140. Each of the beads 122 can be partly embedded in the photoluminescent layer 110 and can be fixed to the photoluminescent layer 110. The refractive index of the beads 122 partly embedded in the photoluminescent layer 110 at regular intervals and partly protruding from the photoluminescent layer 110 may be equal to or lower than the refractive index of the photoluminescent layer 110. For example, if the beads 122 have a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110, a layer composed of the beads 122 (both the portions protruding from the photoluminescent layer 110 and the portions embedded in the photoluminescent layer 110) functions as a light-transmissive layer 120 having a submicron structure. If the beads 122 have substantially the same refractive index as the photoluminescent layer 110, the beads 122 and the photoluminescent layer 110 function as substantially one body, and the portions protruding from the photoluminescent layer 110 function as a light-transmissive layer 120 having a submicron structure.

Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 43B, beads 122 may be disposed on a substrate 140 and may be covered with a photoluminescent layer 110. It is desirable that the beads 122 have a lower refractive index than the photoluminescent layer 110.

The beads 122 may have a diameter smaller than or equal to the D_(int). If the beads 122 are densely packed, the beads 122 have substantially the same diameter as the D_(int). If the beads 122 have a gap therebetween, the sum of the diameter of the beads 122 and the length of the gap corresponds to the D_(int).

The beads 122 may be hollow beads or solid beads.

FIGS. 43C to 43F illustrate a schematic view of packing of beads and a light scattering pattern of the packed beads. In FIGS. 430 to 43F, black portions indicate solid portions in solid or hollow beads, and white portions indicate hollow beads or void portions in hollow beads.

FIG. 43C illustrates densely packed hollow beads having an egg-shaped external shape and a light scattering pattern of the hollow beads. The void portions of the hollow beads are generally spherical and are located at the bottom of the eggs. FIG. 43D illustrates densely packed hollow beads having a generally spherical external shape and a light scattering pattern of the hollow beads. The void portions of the hollow beads are generally spherical and are in contact with each external sphere. FIG. 43E illustrates densely packed hollow beads having a generally spherical external shape and a light scattering pattern of the hollow beads. Each void portion of the hollow beads includes two generally spherical voids, and the two spherical voids are arranged along the diameter of the external sphere. FIG. 43F illustrates dense packing of hollow beads each having a generally spherical external shape and solid beads each having a generally spherical external shape, and a light scattering pattern of the packed beads. The hollow beads and solid beads have substantially the same diameter and are mixed at a volume ratio of approximately 50:50. The hollow beads and solid beads are almost randomly arranged without regularity.

Hollow beads and solid beads made of various glasses and resins are commercially available. For example, these beads may be an alumina powder widely commercially available as an abrasive or hollow silica manufactured by Nittetsu Mining Co., Ltd. These beads and a dispersant may be dispersed in a solvent (e.g., water or an alcohol), and the dispersion liquid may be applied to a substrate 140 or a photoluminescent layer 110 and dried to form a layer of densely packed beads.

11. Application Examples

As described above, light-emitting devices and light-emitting apparatuses including the light-emitting devices according to the present disclosure have various advantages and can be used with advantageous effects in various optical devices. Some application examples of light-emitting devices and light-emitting apparatuses including the light-emitting devices according to the present disclosure will be described below.

11-1. Display Apparatus

A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can emit directional light in a particular direction. It is desirable that such high directionality be utilized in edge-light backlight units that utilize a light guide plate of a liquid crystal display unit. In known display apparatuses including a light source having low directionality, light from the light source must be directed to a light guide plate through a reflector and/or a diffuser. In contrast, in display apparatuses including a light source having high directionality in a particular direction according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, light can be efficiently directed to a light guide plate without these optical components or with simplified optical components.

FIG. 44 is a schematic perspective view of such a display apparatus. A display apparatus 300 includes an excitation light source 310, a light-emitting device 320 on the optical path of excitation light emitted from the excitation light source 310, and an optical shutter 350 on the optical path of light emitted from the light-emitting device 320. In this embodiment, the display apparatus 300 further includes a light guide plate 330 for transmitting light from the light-emitting device 320 to the optical shutter 350, and a color filter array 340 on an incident side of the optical shutter 350 that light from the light-emitting device 320 enters.

The light-emitting device 320 includes regions (R, G, and B) that emit light in red, green, and blue wavelength bands in the direction normal to a photoluminescent layer in response to excitation light. Although the light-emitting device 320 includes only six regions in FIG. 44, the light-emitting device 320 may actually include more regions.

The red, green, blue wavelength bands range from 600 to 750 nm, 490 to 570 nm, and 430 to 470 nm, respectively.

As in the embodiments described above, the light-emitting device 320 includes a photoluminescent layer that emits light in response to excitation light, a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer, and a submicron structure that is formed on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer and extends in a plane of the photoluminescent layer, or the light-transmissive layer. The phrase “located on or near”, as used herein, encompasses direct contact. Projections or recesses or both of the submicron structure form a periodic structure in each of the R, G, and B regions.

Light from the photoluminescent layer includes first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air, second light having a wavelength λ_(b) in air, and third light having a wavelength λ_(c) in air. λ_(a), λ_(b), and λ_(c) are in the red, green, and blue wavelength bands, respectively. In the region R, the refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light and the period p_(a) of the periodic structure satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a) In the region G, the refractive index n_(wav-b) of the photoluminescent layer for the second light and the period P_(b) of the periodic structure satisfy λ_(b)/n_(wav-b)<p_(b)<λ_(b)In the region B, the refractive index n_(wav-c) of the photoluminescent layer for the third light and the period p_(c) of the periodic structure satisfy λ_(c)/n_(wav-c)<p_(c)<λ_(c).

The light guide plate 330 is placed such that light from the light-emitting device 320 enters its side surface. The light guide plate 330 has the same structure as typical light guide plates for use in edge-light backlight units. For example, the light guide plate 330 may have the structure of a light guide plate disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 8-234200. The light guide plate 330 having such a structure includes a reflector on one surface thereof and a diffuser plate on the other surface thereof. Light propagating through the light guide plate 330 is substantially uniformly output from the diffuser plate.

The color filter array 340 includes a two-dimensional array of color filters. The color filters include three color filters that can selectively transmit red light, green light, and blue light. The three adjacent red, green, and blue color filters are arranged in a grid-like pattern. Each set of the three color filters constitutes one pixel, and one color filter constitutes a sub-pixel. Although the color filter array 340 is disposed on the light incident side of the optical shutter 350 in the present embodiment, the color filter array 340 may be disposed on a light output side of the optical shutter 350. As described later, the color filter array 340 may be disposed within the optical shutter 350.

The optical shutter 350 includes unit regions each corresponding to a sub-pixel. The light transmittance of each unit region can be independently changed. The optical shutter 350 may be formed of a liquid crystal module.

The optical shutter 350 formed of liquid crystals will be described below. In the following embodiment; the color filter array 340 is disposed within the optical shutter 350 (a liquid crystal module).

FIG. 45 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of a display apparatus 300 a having the optical shutter 350 formed of a liquid crystal module; In FIG. 45, the thickness of each layer and the distance between the layers are not the actual thickness and distance. The same is true for other figures. The display apparatus 300 a further includes a drive circuit 360 for driving the optical shutter 350 in response to an image signal. The optical shutter 350 includes a polarizing filter 351, a transparent substrate 352, a transparent electrode 353, a liquid crystal layer 355, a transparent electrode 356, a color filter array 340, a transparent substrate 357, and a polarizing filter 358 in this order. The polarization axis of the polarizing filter 351 proximate to the light guide plate 330 forms an angle of 90 degrees with the polarization axis of the polarizing filter 358 distant from the light guide plate 330. The two transparent electrodes 353 and 356 are electrically connected to the drive circuit 360. The drive circuit 360 changes the voltage applied to the two transparent electrodes 353 and 356 in each sub-pixel and thereby changes the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 355. This changes the light transmittance of each sub-pixel,

If the light guide plate 330 outputs linearly polarized light, the polarizing filter 351 may be omitted. An alignment layer may be disposed on both sides of the liquid crystal layer 355. When no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer 355, the alignment layer aligns liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction.

The operation in the present embodiment will be described below.

Excitation light from the excitation light source 310 enters the photoluminescent layer of the light-emitting device 320. In response to the excitation light, the photoluminescent layer produces light in red, green, and blue wavelength bands. The red light, green light, and blue light are output approximately perpendicularly from the periodic structure in the regions R, G, and B into the light guide plate 330. The red light, green light, and blue light are repeatedly reflected and mixed in the light guide plate 330 and are output from the light guide plate 330 as substantially uniform white light. The intensity of light from the light guide plate 330 is modulated in each sub-pixel by the optical shutter 350 and is output from the optical shutter 350. Thus, an image corresponding to an image signal input into the drive circuit 360 is displayed.

A display apparatus according to the present embodiment may be used in television sets, PC monitors, smartphones, and tablet devices. A display apparatus for use in touch input devices, such as smartphones and tablet devices, further includes a touch screen (or touch panel).

FIG. 46 is a schematic perspective view of a display apparatus 300 b that further includes a touch screen 370. The touch screen 370 is disposed on a light output side of the optical shutter 350. The touch screen 370 can detect touches by a known method, such as a capacitance method.

A display apparatus according to another embodiment will be described below.

FIG. 47 is a schematic cross-sectional view of part of the structure of a display apparatus 300 c that includes a light guide plate 330 configured to transmit excitation light from an excitation light source 310 to a photoluminescent layer 321, In this display apparatus 300 c, excitation light from the excitation light source 310 is substantially uniformly transmitted to the photoluminescent layer 321 through the light guide plate 330. The photoluminescent layer 321 and a submicron structure 322 disposed on the photoluminescent layer 321 are configured to output white light approximately perpendicularly to the photoluminescent layer 321, Thus, the submicron structure 322 may be one of the structures described above with reference to FIGS. 31 to 33. For example, the submicron structure 322 may include tiled unit periodic structures or three stacked photoluminescent layers corresponding to three R, G, and B colors. In the tiled unit periodic structures, the size of each unit periodic structure is smaller than the size of sub-pixel.

In the present embodiment, a color filter array 340 is disposed between an optical shutter 350 and a polarizing filter 358. As described above, the color filter array 340 may be disposed on the light incident side of the optical shutter 350 or within the optical shutter 350,

The submicron structure 322 in the present embodiment is a one-dimensional periodic structure. Thus, light from each unit periodic structure is linearly polarized light. Thus, no polarizing filter is disposed between the light-emitting device 320 and the optical shutter 350. If the submicron structure 322 is a two-dimensional periodic structure, a polarizing filter is required.

White light from the light-emitting device 320 is transmitted through the optical shutter 350, the color filter array 340, and the polarizing filter 358. As in the embodiment described above, the optical shutter 350 can change the light transmittance of each sub-pixel in response to an image signal. This allows an image to be displayed.

FIG. 48 is a schematic perspective view of a display apparatus 300 c 1 according to still another embodiment. The display apparatus 300 d has the structure illustrated in FIG. 44 from which the color filter array 340 is removed. In this embodiment, light of each color from the light-emitting device 320 propagates through the light guide plate 330 without mixing with light of the other color and uniformly enters the optical shutter 350 independently of the position in the direction of propagation. Although simplified in FIG. 48, each of R, G, and B regions (i.e., each unit periodic structure) is very small, and the number of each of the R, G, and B regions may be almost the same as the number of pixels of an image in one direction (e.g., from tens to tens of thousands), If the size of one unit periodic structure is 100 μm, and the number of pixels of an image in one direction is 1000, the length of the array of the unit periodic structures may be approximately 0.3 m (=100 μm×3×1000). The size and number of each of the R, G, and B regions in the light-emitting device 320 are not limited to this embodiment and may be appropriately determined in a manner that depends on the fineness of an image and manufacturability. As in the embodiment described above, the optical shutter 350 can change the light transmittance of each sub-pixel in response to an image signal. This allows color images to be displayed without the color filter array 340.

FIG. 49 is a schematic cross-sectional view of part of a display apparatus 300 e according to still another embodiment. The display apparatus 300 e has the structure of the display apparatus 300 c illustrated in FIG. 47 from which the color filter array 340 is removed. Furthermore, the submicron structure 322 includes a periodic structure 322R that approximately perpendicularly outputs light in a red wavelength band, a periodic structure 322G that approximately perpendicularly outputs light in a green wavelength band, and a periodic structure 322B that approximately perpendicularly outputs light in a blue wavelength band. The three periodic structures 322R, 322G, and 322B are repeatedly arranged in order in one direction, A region composed of three adjacent periodic structures 322R, 322G, and 322B corresponds to one pixel, and a region of each periodic structure corresponds to one sub-pixel.

The optical shutter 350 changes the light transmittance of each sub-pixel and thereby changes the intensity of light emitted from each sub-pixel, Thus, such a structure enables color display as in the display apparatus 300 c illustrated in FIG. 47 without using the color filter array 340.

In this embodiment, the photoluminescent layer 321 may emit red light in a region corresponding to the periodic structure 322R, green light in a region corresponding to the periodic structure 322G, and blue light in a region corresponding to the periodic structure 322B. In other words, different light-emitting materials may be used in these regions. If the excitation light source 310 emits excitation light in a blue wavelength band, the photoluminescent layer 321 may be formed of a light-emitting material that emits light in a red and green (i.e., yellow) wavelength band. Such a light-emitting material may be YAG, such as Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce³⁺.

In such a display apparatus, optical components, such as a reflector and a diffuser, that are necessary for known light sources having low directionality can be eliminated or simplified. known color filters transmit desired blue light, green light, and/or red light by absorbing unnecessary light from white light, thus causing a loss. In contrast, the present embodiment produces light of a desired color alone and can reduce the loss. This can reduce the size and power consumption of the display apparatus,

11-2. Lighting (Light-Emitting) Apparatus

A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may also be used in lighting (i.e. light-emitting) apparatuses. Known lighting fixtures include an optical component, including a lens and/or a reflector, to direct isotropic light in a desired direction. The use of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can remove such an optical component. The use of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure allows for a simple design for directional light instead of a complex design for isotropic light. Consequently, lighting fixtures can be reduced in size, or the process of designing lighting fixtures can be simplified, Such a lighting apparatus will be described below.

FIG. 50 is a schematic perspective view of a lighting apparatus 400 according to one embodiment. The lighting apparatus 400 includes an excitation light source 310, a light-emitting device 320 disposed on the optical path of excitation light emitted from the excitation light source 310, and a light guide plate 330 for absorbing light from the light-emitting device 320 and outputting the light. The light guide plate 330 is placed such that light from the light-emitting device 320 enters its side surface.

As described above, the light-emitting device 320 have regions for emitting light in red, green, and blue wavelength bands. Although simplified in FIG. 50, each region is actually very small and may be configured to emit macroscopically almost white light. The other structure as described above; such as a layered structure, may also be used to emit white light. The structure of the photoluminescent layer or submicron structure may be changed to emit light other than white light (e.g., red, green, or blue). If narrow-band monochromatic light alone is emitted in a direction perpendicular to the photoluminescent layer, the submicron structure may have one periodic structure alone. The light guide plate 330 has the same structure as described above.

Light from the light-emitting device 320 propagates through and is output from the light guide plate 330. The output light can be utilized for illumination.

FIG. 51 is a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of a lighting apparatus 400 a according to another embodiment. The lighting apparatus 400 a includes an excitation light source 310, a light guide plate 330 for absorbing excitation light from the excitation light source 310 and outputting the light, and a light-emitting device 320 on the optical path of excitation light output from the light guide plate 330.

Excitation light from the excitation light source 310 propagates through and is substantially uniformly output from the light guide plate 330. The excitation light enters the photoluminescent layer 321. The photoluminescent layer 321 of the light-emitting device 320 emits light in response to the excitation light. The photoluminescent layer 321 and the submicron structure 322 have the structures as described above and emit white light. The output light can be utilized for illumination. Also in the present embodiment, the structure of the photoluminescent layer or submicron structure may be changed to emit light other than white light (e.g., red, green, or blue),

FIG. 52 is a cross-sectional view of a lighting apparatus 400 b according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The lighting apparatus 400 b includes a heat sink substrate 420, two light-emitting devices 320 fixed to the heat sink substrate 420, and a reflecting mirror 410 around the light-emitting device 320, Each of the two light-emitting devices 320 has the same structure as one of the light-emitting devices according to the embodiments described above. The heat sink substrate 420 supports the light-emitting devices 320 and the reflecting mirror 410 and dissipates heat generated by the light-emitting devices 320.

Light from the two light-emitting devices 320 is reflected from the reflecting mirror 410 having a concave surface and is output. In this manner, the light-emitting devices 320 may be combined with the reflecting mirror 410.

A light-emitting apparatus including a reflecting mirror is not limited to this. Higher directionality of light from the light-emitting device can result in a smaller area of the reflecting mirror. Another reflecting mirror, for example, a reflecting mirror disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. 2013-533583, No, 2009-535775, or No. 2005-537665 may be employed.

The heat dissipation mechanism for dissipating heat generated by the light-emitting devices 320 may be another mechanism. For example, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2014-146509, a heat sink member covering part of a reflecting mirror around a light-emitting device may be used.

A light source of a lighting apparatus according to the present disclosure may be disposed on a printed circuit board. For example, a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may be substituted for a LED chip in a LED casing disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. 2010-537437. A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may be substituted for a LED device in a polarized LED module disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2014-183192.

Light-emitting devices may be arranged for high-intensity illumination. For example, 10 or more light-emitting devices may be arranged for high-intensity illumination, as in a lighting apparatus including 10 or more LEDs disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-181429,

FIG. 53 is a cross-sectional view of a lighting apparatus 400 c having such a structure. The lighting apparatus 400 c includes a circuit board 430, light-emitting devices 320 on the circuit board 430, a concave reflecting mirror 410, a diffuser plate 440 within the reflecting mirror 410, and a lens 450 on the periphery of the reflecting mirror 410. Each of the light-emitting devices 320 has the same structure as one of the light-emitting devices described above. In general, such a lens is easy to design because light incident around the central axis has a small incident angle. Directional light emission results in light emission around the central axis. This makes optical design easy.

Light from the light-emitting devices 320 is diffused by the diffuser plate 440 and reaches the lens 450. The lens 450 refracts and widely distributes the light.

The structure including a lens may be a structure disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4632899. Lenses may be combined, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2012-059575. Another structure including a reflector and a lens in combination, as disclosed in Japanese Patent No, 4523100, may be employed,

A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may be used in headlights for vehicles. For example, a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may be used in headlights in which light distribution can be controlled with a micromirror, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. 2013-526759.

FIG. 54 is a schematic view of a lighting apparatus (headlight) 400 d having such a structure. The lighting apparatus 400 d includes an excitation light source 310, a light-emitting device 320, a lens 450, and a micromirror 460. The micromirror 460 is coupled to a drive circuit (not shown).

Excitation light from the excitation light source 310 is reflected from the micromirror 460 and enters a particular portion of the light-emitting device 320. Light of a particular color is produced in the portion of the light-emitting device 320 and is output in a direction perpendicular to the photoluminescent layer. The light is converged by the lens 450 and illuminates the outside,

The micromirror 460 can be rotated on a particular axis (e.g., horizontal axis) by the drive circuit. The rotation can change the position of excitation light on the light-emitting device 320.

The structure according to the present embodiment may be utilize to switch between high beam and low beam. For example, in combination with a sensor (not shown), the structure can automatically switch between high beam in the absence of a pedestrian or vehicle in front and low beam in the presence of a pedestrian or vehicle in front. In the presence of a pedestrian in front, the excitation light source 310 may be automatically stopped to turn off illumination.

As described above, in a lighting apparatus according to the present disclosure, optical components for directing isotropic light in a desired direction can be eliminated or simplified. Consequently, lighting fixtures can be reduced in size, or the process of designing lighting fixtures can be simplified.

In the field of illumination, color-enhancing light color illumination and beautifying light color illumination techniques have been developed. Such illumination can finely produce the color of an object to be illuminated. The color-enhancing light color illumination is effective in making foods, such as vegetables, look more delicious. The beautifying light color illumination is effective in ensuring natural-looking skin tones. Such illumination is performed by controlling the light source spectrum (the intensity distribution as a function of light wavelength) depending on the object. Hitherto, the spectrum of illumination light has been controlled by selective transmission of light emitted from a light source using an optical filter. The optical filter absorbs unnecessary light and consequently reduces light-use efficiency. In contrast, a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can enhance light having a particular wavelength and requires no optical filter, thus improving light-use efficiency,

A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can emit polarized light (e.g. linearly polarized light). When unpolarized light including two linearly polarized light components intersecting at right angles is emitted from a light source, linearly polarized light has hitherto been produced by absorbing one of the two linearly polarized light components using a polarizing filter (also referred to as a “polarizer”). Thus, the light-use efficiency is 50% or less. The use of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure as a polarized light source can obviate the need for a polarizing filter and improve light-use efficiency, Polarized illumination is used to reduce reflected light, for example, from windowpanes of shop windows and view restaurants. Polarized illumination is also used as washstand illumination, which utilizes the dependence of the reflection characteristics of the skin surface on polarized light, and is used to facilitate the observation of lesion sites with an endoscope.

11-3. Light Source for Projectors

In optical devices, light from a light source must be efficiently directed in a predetermined direction. To this end, lenses, prisms, and/or reflectors are often used, as described above. For example, it is known that a projector includes a light guide to direct light from a light source to a display panel (e.g., Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2010-156929). The use of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure as a light source can remove the light guide.

A polarized light source may be used as a light source for liquid crystal projectors. When a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure is used as a light source for liquid crystal projectors, in combination with the use of the wavelength selectivity, the light-emitting device can constitute a three-primary-color polarized light source. For example, a light-emitting device that emits red linearly polarized light, a light-emitting device that emits green linearly polarized light, and a light-emitting device that emits blue linearly polarized light may be joined together to form a disk. While the disk is irradiated with excitation light, the disk may be rotated to form a light source that sequentially emits red, green, and blue three-primary-color polarized light beams. Such a disk is referred to as a phosphor wheel.

Thus, a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may also be used in a phosphor wheel for projectors. For example, a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may be substituted for a phosphor in a phosphor wheel disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2012-8177 or No. 2014-191003. For example, a light-emitting device that emits red light approximately perpendicularly to the photoluminescent layer and a light-emitting device that emits green light approximately perpendicularly to the photoluminescent layer may be substituted for a red phosphor layer and a green phosphor layer in a phosphor wheel disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2014-191003.

FIG. 55 is a simplified view of a light-emitting apparatus 500 having such a structure according to one embodiment. The light-emitting apparatus 500 includes an excitation light source 310, a wheel-like light-emitting device 320, and a rotation mechanism 510. The light-emitting apparatus 500 may further include other components, such as a diffuser plate, a lens, a mirror, and/or a control circuit. However, these components are not described here.

The light-emitting device 320 is discoidal (or toroidal), and the central portion of the light-emitting device 320 is coupled to the rotation mechanism 510. The light-emitting device 320 is placed such that excitation light from the excitation light source 310 enters the periphery of the light-emitting device 320. The rotation mechanism 510 includes a motor for rotating the light-emitting device 320 on the central axis clockwise or counterclockwise. For example, the rotation mechanism 510 rotates the light-emitting device 320 at an angular velocity of one revolution per 1/60 seconds.

FIG. 56 is a schematic view of the structure of the light-emitting device 320 viewed in the axial direction. The light-emitting device 320 includes a region 320R that emits light in a red wavelength band approximately perpendicularly to the photoluminescent layer, a region 320G that emits light in a green wavelength band approximately perpendicularly to the photoluminescent layer, and a transparent region 320T. For example, if the excitation light is in a blue wavelength band, blue light is output from the transparent region 320T.

The excitation light source 310 can emit excitation light while the rotation mechanism 510 rotates the light-emitting device 320, thereby successively producing red, green, and blue light beams of three primary colors. Thus, a control circuit coupled to the rotation mechanism 510 and the excitation light source 310 can change the color of light emitted from the projector by adjusting the output of the excitation light source 310 while the motor of the rotation mechanism 510 rotates.

11-4. Narrow-Band Imaging

A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can enhance light having a particular wavelength alone. Thus, a light source that emits light having a required wavelength alone can be easily provided. The wavelength of output light can be adjusted only by changing the periodic structure without changing the material of the photoluminescent layer. The wavelength of output light can be changed with the angle relative to the periodic structure. Such wavelength selectivity can be utilized in a narrow-band imaging (NBI, registered trademark) technique, for example. In narrow-band imaging, a mucosa is irradiated with blue and green light having a narrow-band wavelength to observe capillary vessels and fine patterns on the surface layer of the mucosa. Narrow-band imaging allows a lesion site to be easily observed with an endoscope.

11-5. Visible Light Communication

A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can also be used for visible light communication. In visible light communication, the intensity of illumination light is modulated to transmit signals, Signals from a lighting apparatus are received by a receiver including a photodiode or a general-purpose image sensor. Thus, information can be transmitted from the lighting apparatus to the receiver. Visible light communication is disclosed in Japanese Patent No, 5179260 or Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2014-135716, for example. In general, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are used as light sources in visible light communication systems. A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can be substituted for LEDs.

FIG. 57 is a diagram of a visible light communication system 600 according to one embodiment. The visible light communication system 600 includes a lighting apparatus 610 and a receiver 620. The lighting apparatus 610 includes a modulation circuit 612, an excitation light source 310, and a light-emitting device 320. The excitation light source 310 emits excitation light. The modulation circuit 612 modulates the intensity of the excitation light at high frequencies in accordance with the signal to be sent to the receiver 620, Thus, the intensity of light from the light-emitting device 320 can also be modulated in accordance with the signal. The signal can be received by detecting the change in light intensity, for example, with an image sensor of the receiver 620.

In such a system, a directional light-emitting device can efficiently transmit light to a light-receiving device.

11-6. Transparent Display Apparatus

As illustrated in FIG. 58, a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may also be used as a screen 100S of a transparent display apparatus.

For example, the screen 100S includes pixels arranged in a matrix. Each of the pixels is composed of a light-emitting device that enhances red light (R), a light-emitting device that enhances green light (G), and a light-emitting device that enhances blue light (B). These light-emitting devices can emit light of a predetermined color in response to their respective excitation light (e.g., ultraviolet light) emitted from an excitation light source 180S1, thereby displaying an image. Because the light-emitting devices transmit visible light, observers can observe the background through the screen 100S, When the screen 100S is not irradiated with excitation light, the screen 100S looks like a transparent window. Scanning a laser diode as the excitation light source 180S1 while adjusting its output for image data enables high resolution display. Since a laser beam is coherent light, its excitation efficiency can also be increased by interference with a periodic structure. When light having an undesirable wavelength, such as ultraviolet light, is used as excitation light, a leakage of the undesirable light can be prevented by placing an excitation light source on the opposite side of the screen 100S from the observer and placing a filter for removing the excitation light on the observer side of the screen 100S.

The screen 100S may have high directionality. Thus, only observers in a predetermined direction can observe images.

The excitation light source 180S1 may be replaced with an excitation light source 180S2. A light guide sheet S is placed on the back side of the screen 100S (i.e., opposite the observer) and is irradiated with excitation light from the excitation light source 180S2. The excitation light incident on the light guide sheet S propagates through the screen 100S and is applied to the back side of the screen 100S. In this case, light-emitting devices arranged according to a desired image cannot actively display any image. However, the light guide sheet S can be transparent like a window in the absence of excitation light and can display images, figures, and letters when irradiated with excitation light.

11-7. Sensors

As described above with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9, a change in the refractive index of a periodic structure of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure results in a different wavelength and output direction of enhanced light. The wavelength and output direction of enhanced light also change with the refractive index of a photoluminescent layer. Thus, a change in the refractive index of a medium around the light-emitting device can be easily detected with high sensitivity on the basis of at least one of the wavelength and output direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device.

For example, a sensor for detecting various substances can be provided using a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure, as described below.

A substance (such as an enzyme) that selectively binds to a substance to be measured (such as a protein, odorant molecule, or virus) is placed near a periodic structure of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure. Bonding to the substance to be measured changes the refractive index of a medium around the light-emitting device. The change in the refractive index can be detected on the basis of a change in the wavelength or output direction of enhanced light, as described above. Thus, the presence of various substances can be detected.

11-8. Traffic Light

A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can emit directional light in a particular direction. Such high directionality is also desirable for display apparatuses that provide information only for vehicles and pedestrians in a particular direction, for example, traffic lights and public display apparatuses. In known light sources having low directionality, light spreads laterally, and traffic lights and display apparatuses may also be visually identified from sides, thus causing misidentification. Thus, display apparatuses that affect safety, such as traffic lights, in which misidentification CaO cause failures are equipped with a shield (e.g. louver) for preventing light from spreading laterally, as disclosed in Japanese Registered Utility Model No. 3014799. Such a shield can be omitted in light sources having high directionality in a particular direction, such as a light-emitting apparatus according to the present disclosure, which can efficiently provide information for vehicles and pedestrians in a predetermined direction. Furthermore, the use of such directional light sources can reduce the size of display apparatuses and thereby reduce the load caused by wind and snow. This can simplify structures for supporting display apparatuses, such as traffic lights.

FIG. 59 is a schematic view of a traffic light 700 as an example of such a directional display apparatus. The traffic light 700 includes a light-emitting apparatus 710 and a housing 740 for the light-emitting apparatus 710. The light-emitting apparatus 710 includes three display units 710 r, 710 y, and 710 g, which emit light in red, yellow, and green (or blue) wavelength bands, respectively. The traffic light 700 is supported by two arms 750 and a pole 760. The traffic light 700 is coupled to a control circuit 732 in a display controller 730 through a cable 720. The display controller 730 is fixed to the pole 760. The control circuit 732 controls light emission of the display units 710 r, 710 y, and 710 g.

FIG. 60 is a schematic view of a detailed structure of the traffic light 700. The traffic light 700 includes three excitation light sources 180 and three light guide plates 330 for directing excitation light from the excitation light sources 180 to the display units 710 r, 710 y, and 710 g. Excitation light enters photoluminescent layers 110 r, 110 y, and 110 g in the display units 710 r, 710 y, and 710 g through transparent substrates 140. The photoluminescent layers 110 r, 110 y, and 110 g emit light in red (R), yellow (Y), and green (G) wavelength bands in response to the excitation light. Surface structures 120 r, 120 y, and 120 g on the photoluminescent layers 110 r, 110 y, and 110 g output narrow-angle light in red, yellow, green wavelength bands in a predetermined direction. The control circuit 732 is coupled to the three excitation light sources 180 and sends a control signal for the on/off control of the three excitation light sources 180. This allows the display units 710 r, 710 y, and 710 g to sequentially emit light or allows the yellow display unit 710 y to blink,

As described above, the red, green, blue wavelength bands range from 600 to 750 nm, 490 to 570 nm, and 430 to 470 nm, respectively. The yellow wavelength band ranges from 570 to 600 nm, which is a wavelength band between red and green. For example, the display unit 710 r may be configured to emit light having a center wavelength of 642 nm in a predetermined direction. For example, the display unit 710 y may be configured to emit light having a center wavelength of 595 nm in a predetermined direction. For example, the display unit 710 g may be configured to emit light having a center wavelength of 500 nm in a predetermined direction.

The display units 710 r, 710 y, and 710 g are configured to emit red light, yellow light, and green light, which are required for traffic display apparatuses, with high directionality. The display controller 730 allows a particular one of the photoluminescent layers 110 r, 110 y, and 110 g to emit directional light. Thus, traffic lights that are visually identified only in a particular direction can be provided. Visual identification only in a particular direction can decrease the probability of misidentification of the traffic light by the driver.

The structures illustrated in FIGS. 59 and 60 are only examples, and various modifications may be made to the structures. For example, the display units 710 r, 710 y, and 710 g are not limited to the structure illustrated in FIG. 60 and may have any of the structures of the light-emitting devices described above. The display units 710 r, 710 y, and 710 g may be supplied with excitation light through a light guide, such as an optical fiber, from the excitation light source 180 disposed near the control circuit 732, The light guide plate 330 may be omitted,

Although the traffic light 700 emits red light, yellow light, and green light, the same structure may be applied to pedestrian lights, which emit red light and green (or blue) light.

Such traffic display apparatuses may be applied to driver assistance systems, which instruct the driver by an image whether he or she can cross an intersection. Such a system is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No, 2013-114557, for example, Application of the traffic display apparatuses to such systems can improve the judgment accuracy of drivers and thereby improve safety.

11-9, Light Sources for Plant Factories

A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can also be used as a light source in plant factories. In order to steadily grow plants in plant factories, plants are irradiated with light in various wavelength bands. For example, light having a wavelength in the range of 640 to 690 nm is used for photosynthesis. Light having a wavelength in the range of 420 to 470 nm is mainly used for normal morphogenesis of leaves (qualitative changes of plants, such as seed germination, flower initiation, flowering, development of cotyledons, chlorophyll synthesis, and internode elongation). Emission of light in a relatively narrow band is required for light sources in plant factories,

In known plant factories, for example, fluorescent lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, and LEDs are used as light sources. These light sources have a wide line width (i.e., wavelength) and therefore low light-use efficiency. Substitution of a directional light-emitting device according to the present disclosure for these light sources can improve light-use efficiency.

Light sources for plant factories are disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-97900, for example. Alight-emitting device according to the present disclosure can be substituted for a light source disclosed in this literature.

FIG. 61 is a schematic view of a light source apparatus for plant factories, which has the same structure as illustrated in FIG. 12 in the literature. The light source apparatus includes a stand 30 for a plant, a main light source unit 10 above the plant, and auxiliary light source units 20. For example, the main light source unit 10 may be configured to emit light in red and blue wavelength bands. The auxiliary light source units 20 may be configured to emit light in a near-infrared, near-ultraviolet, green, or yellow wavelength band. The near-infrared wavelength band ranges from approximately 700 to 2500 nm, and the near-ultraviolet wavelength band ranges from approximately 200 to 380 nm. The use of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure in the main light source unit 10 and the auxiliary light source units 20 allows the plant to be efficiently irradiated with light. A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may be used in any light sources for plant factories, including one illustrated in FIG. 61. The number and arrangement of light-emitting devices and the emission wavelength may be appropriately determined,

11-10. Photodynamic Therapy

High directionality of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure is also useful for photodynamic therapy, in which skin diseases (e.g., carcinomatous lesions) are treated with light. For example, skin diseases near the surface are treated with light having a wavelength of approximately 400 nm. Deep skin diseases are treated with light having a wavelength of approximately 600 nm. In such photodynamic therapy, particular light has been extracted from a lamp light source with a filter. This causes optical loss. The use of a directional light-emitting device according to the present disclosure as a light source can improve light-use efficiency. In addition to photodynamic therapy, a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may also be used to treat acne and redness in skin with light and promote new hair growth with light.

11-11. Distance Sensor

A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can also be used in distance sensors. Distance sensors determine the distance to an object by emitting pulsed light from a light source, detecting the pulsed light reflected from the object, and calculating the distance on the basis of the phase difference of the pulsed light. Distance sensors can be used in range-imaging sensors or motion sensors, Range-imaging sensors can form range images throughout the area to be captured. Motion sensors can detect the motion of a main object in the area to be captured. Known distance sensors generally include LED light sources. A directional light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can be substituted for the LED light sources.

FIG. 62 is a schematic view of a distance sensor that includes a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure. The distance sensor includes a light-emitting apparatus 800, an image sensor 810, and a control circuit 820 for controlling the light-emitting apparatus 800 and the image sensor 810.

FIG. 63A is a schematic view of the light-emitting apparatus 800. The light-emitting apparatus 800 includes a light-emitting device 840 and an excitation light source 830. The light-emitting device 840 has one of the structures described above. The light-emitting device 840 has a surface structure from which narrow-angle near-infrared or visible light is output. The light-emitting apparatus 800 drives the excitation light source 830 in response to a control signal from the control circuit 820 and emits pulsed near-infrared or visible light. The image sensor 810 includes photodetector cells and detects pulsed light emitted from the light-emitting apparatus 800 and reflected from an object. For example, the control circuit 820 may be an integrated circuit, such as a microcontroller. The control circuit 820 may be a combination of a processor, such as a central processing unit (CPU), and an image-processing circuit, such as a digital signal processor (DSP). The control circuit 820 controls the timing of light emission of the light-emitting apparatus 800 and the timing of accumulation and readout of signal charges of the image sensor 810. The control circuit 820 also determines the distance to an object on the basis of the difference between the phase of pulsed light from the light-emitting apparatus 800 and the phase of pulsed light detected by the image sensor 810.

FIG. 63B is an explanatory view of the generation of pulsed light using the control circuit 820. The control circuit 820 inputs a pulsed drive signal into the excitation light source 830. In response to the drive signal, excitation light from the excitation light source 830 enters the light-emitting device 840. The excitation light has pulsed intensity. In response to this, the light-emitting device 840 emits light having intensity that changes in synchronism with the excitation light (pulsed light). The pulsed light is reflected from an object and enters the image sensor 810. The image sensor 810 detects the reflected light with the photodetector cells and outputs an electric signal depending on the intensity of light (also referred to as the amount of light) received by each of the photodetector cells (also referred to as pixels). The electric signal is referred to as a light-responsive signal.

FIG. 63C is a diagram of a drive signal and a light-responsive signal as a function of time. The control circuit 820 determines the distance L to the object on the basis of the delay time Δt between the drive signal and the light-responsive signal in each pixel. The distance L is calculated using the following equation.

L=Speed of light c×Delay time Δt/2

The control circuit 820 determines the distance L for each pixel and can form images having different luminance as range images. If the image sensor 810 of the distance sensor allows for high speed imaging, the distance sensor can be used as a motion sensor using pulsed light having a sufficiently high frequency.

Although the control circuit 820 drives the excitation light source 830 to produce pulsed light in the present embodiment, pulsed light may be produced by another method. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 64A, the optical shutter 850 may be disposed on a light output side of the light-emitting device 840, and the light transmittance of the optical shutter 850 may be controlled by the control circuit 820 to produce pulsed light. The optical shutter 850 may include a liquid crystal layer and two electrode layers on both sides of the liquid crystal layer and, in response to a drive signal, may switch between a state that allows light to pass through the optical shutter 850 (hereinafter referred to as a light-transmissive state) and a state that blocks the light (hereinafter referred to as a light-shielding state). As illustrated in FIG. 64B, the control circuit 820 inputs a pulsed drive signal into the optical shutter 850. In response to the pulsed drive signal, the light-transmissive state and the light-shielding state are switched. This allows the optical shutter 850 to output pulsed light.

As illustrated in FIG. 64C, a lens 860 a may be disposed between the light-emitting device 840 and the optical shutter 850, and a lens 860 b may be disposed on a light output side of the optical shutter 850. The optical shutter 850 may be disposed at a position at which light from the light-emitting device 840 forms an image through the lens 860 a. This can reduce the size of the optical shutter 850 and allows the light-transmissive state and the light-shielding state to be switched at high speed. Such a compact shutter may be provided by a microelectromechanical system (MEMS). A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure may be used to emit near-infrared or visible light having a particular wavelength in the front direction and emit near-infrared light having a wavelength near the particular wavelength in a direction close to the front direction. The distance to the object can be determined by the image sensor 810 receiving light in these wavelength bands.

Application examples of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure are not limited to those described above. A light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can be applied to various optical devices.

The contents of all the cited patent documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Light-emitting devices and light-emitting apparatuses according to the present disclosure can be applied to various optical devices, such as lighting fixtures, displays, and projectors. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A display apparatus comprising: an excitation light source that outputs excitation light; a light-emitting device including a photoluminescent layer that receives the excitation light and emits light including first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air, and a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer; and an optical shutter on an optical path of the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer, wherein a surface structure is defined on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, and the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and limits a directional angle of the first light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.
 2. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the photoluminescent layer is in contact with the light-transmissive layer.
 3. A display apparatus comprising: an excitation light source that outputs excitation light; a light-emitting device including a photoluminescent layer that receives the excitation light and emits light including first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air; and an optical shutter on an optical path of the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer, wherein a surface structure is defined on the photoluminescent layer, and the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and limits a directional angle of the first light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.
 4. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a center-to-center distance D_(int) between two adjacent projections or two adjacent recesses in the surface structure and a refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<D_(int)<λ_(a).
 5. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a color filter array on an incident side of the optical shutter on which the light from the photoluminescent layer is incident or on an output side of the optical shutter from which the light is output, the color filter array including color filters having different transparent wavelength bands.
 6. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a light guide plate that transmits the light from the photoluminescent layer to the optical shutter.
 7. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a light guide plate that transmits the excitation light from the excitation light source to the photoluminescent layer.
 8. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a drive circuit that drives the optical shutter in response to an image signal.
 9. The display apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising a touch screen on a side of the optical shutter from which light from the photoluminescent layer is output.
 10. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure, and the at least one periodic structure includes a first periodic structure that satisfies λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a), where n_(vav-a) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for the first light and p_(a) is a period of the first periodic structure.
 11. The display apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer further includes second light having a wavelength λ_(b) different from the wavelength λ_(a) in air, and the at least one periodic structure further includes a second periodic structure satisfying the following relationship: λ_(b)/n_(wav-b)<p_(b)<λ_(b), where n_(wav-b) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for the second light, and p_(b) is a period of the second periodic structure, the wavelength λ_(a) is in a red wavelength band, and the wavelength λ_(b) is in a green wavelength band.
 12. The display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the at least one periodic structure further includes a third periodic structure that satisfies λ_(c)/n_(wav-c)<p_(c)<λ_(c), where n_(wav-c) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for third light having a wavelength λ_(c) different from λ_(a) and λ_(b) in air, and p_(c) is a period of the third periodic structure, and the wavelength λ_(c) is in a blue wavelength band.
 13. The display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the excitation light output from the excitation light source is in a blue wavelength band.
 14. A light-emitting apparatus comprising: an excitation light source that outputs excitation light; a light-emitting device including a photoluminescent layer that receives the excitation light and emits light including first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air, and a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer; and a light guide plate that receives the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer and output the received light, wherein a surface structure is defined on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, and the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and limits a directional angle of the first light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.
 15. A light-emitting apparatus comprising: an excitation light source that outputs excitation light; a light guide plate that receives the excitation light output from the excitation light source and output the received excitation light; and a light-emitting device including a photoluminescent layer that receives the excitation light output from the light guide plate and emits light including first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air, and a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer, wherein a surface structure is defined on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, and the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and limits a directional angle of the first light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.
 16. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the photoluminescent layer is in contact with the light-transmissive layer.
 17. A light-emitting apparatus comprising: an excitation light source that outputs excitation light; a light-emitting device including a photoluminescent layer that receives the excitation light and emits light including first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air; and a light guide plate that receives the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer and output the received light, wherein a surface structure is defined on the photoluminescent layer, and the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and limits a directional angle of the first light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.
 18. A light-emitting apparatus comprising: an excitation light source that outputs excitation light; a light guide plate that receives the excitation light output from the excitation light source and output the received excitation light; and a light-emitting device including a photoluminescent layer that receives the excitation light output from the light guide plate and emits light including first light having a wavelength λ_(a) in air, wherein a surface structure is defined on the photoluminescent layer, and the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and limits a directional angle of the first light having the wavelength λ_(a) in air.
 19. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein a center-to-center distance D_(int) between two adjacent projections or two adjacent recesses in the surface structure and a refractive index n_(wav-a) of the photoluminescent layer for the first light satisfy λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<D_(int)<λ_(a).
 20. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure, and the at least one periodic structure includes a first periodic structure that satisfies λ_(a)/n_(wav-a)<p_(a)<λ_(a), where n_(wav-a) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for the first light and p_(a) is a period of the first periodic structure.
 21. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the light emitted from the photoluminescent layer further includes second light having a wavelength λ_(b) different from the wavelength λ_(a) in air, and the at least one periodic structure further includes a second periodic structure satisfying the following relationship: λ_(b)/n_(wav-b)<p_(b)<λ_(b), where n_(wav-b) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for the second light, and p_(b) is a period of the second periodic structure, the wavelength λ_(a) is in a red wavelength band, and the wavelength λ_(b) is in a green wavelength band.
 22. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the at least one periodic structure further includes a third periodic structure that satisfies λ_(c)/n_(wav-c)<p_(c)<λ_(c), where n_(wav-c) is a refractive index of the photoluminescent layer for third light having a wavelength λ_(c) different from λ_(a) and λ_(b) in air, and p_(c) is a period of the third periodic structure, and the wavelength λ_(c) is in a blue or yellow wavelength band.
 23. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the excitation light output from the excitation light source is in a blue wavelength band.
 24. A traffic light comprising: the light-emitting apparatus according to claim 22; and a housing for the light-emitting apparatus, wherein the wavelength λ_(c) is in the yellow wavelength band.
 25. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure having a period that allows an electric field to be formed in the photoluminescent layer, in which a period of maximum amplitude of the electric field is the same as the period of the at least one periodic structure.
 26. The display apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure having a period that allows an electric field to be formed in the photoluminescent layer, in which a period of maximum amplitude of the electric field is the same as the period of the at least one periodic structure.
 27. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure having a period that allows an electric field to be formed in the photoluminescent layer, in which a period of maximum amplitude of the electric field is the same as the period of the at least one periodic structure.
 28. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure having a period that allows an electric field to be formed in the photoluminescent layer, in which a period of maximum amplitude of the electric field is the same as the period of the at least one periodic structure.
 29. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure having a period that allows an electric field to be formed in the photoluminescent layer, in which a period of maximum amplitude of the electric field is the same as the period of the at least one periodic structure.
 30. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the surface structure includes at least one periodic structure having a period that allows an electric field to be formed in the photoluminescent layer, in which a period of maximum amplitude of the electric field is the same as the period of the at least one periodic structure.
 31. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the photoluminescent layer has a thickness that allows a quasi-guided mode to be formed within the photoluminescent layer.
 32. The display apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the photoluminescent layer has a thickness that allows a quasi-guided mode to be formed within the photoluminescent layer.
 33. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the photoluminescent layer has a thickness that allows a quasi-guided mode to be formed within the photoluminescent layer.
 34. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the photoluminescent layer has a thickness that allows a quasi-guided mode to be formed within the photoluminescent layer.
 35. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the photoluminescent layer has a thickness that allows a quasi-guided mode to be formed within the photoluminescent layer.
 36. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the photoluminescent layer has a thickness that allows a quasi-guided mode to be formed within the photoluminescent layer.
 37. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a distance between the light-transmissive layer and the photoluminescent layer is equal to or less than λ_(a)/2.
 38. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein a distance between the light-transmissive layer and the photoluminescent layer is equal to or less than λ_(a)/2.
 39. The light-emitting apparatus according to claim 15, wherein a distance between the light-transmissive layer and the photoluminescent layer is equal to or less than λ_(a)/2. 